Table 4.
WHO criteria of disease severity.
|
COVID–19 Patients (N = 32) |
WHO Disease Severity Scale | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| WHO mild, moderate disease (N = 20) | WHO severe disease (N = 12) | P | |
| Initial Presentation | |||
| Fever, N (%) | 9 (45) | 10 (83) | 0.033 |
| Chest pain, N (%) | 6 (30) | 2 (17) | 0.40 |
| Dyspnea, N (%) | 12 (60) | 8 (67) | 0.71 |
| Arrythmia, N (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (8) | 0.19 |
| Cough, N (%) | 14 (70) | 10 (83) | 0.40 |
| Nausea/Vomiting/Diarrhea, N (%) | 8 (40) | 3 (25) | 0.39 |
| Fatigue, weakness, N (%) | 17 (85) | 7 (58) | 0.09 |
| Amnesia, N (%) | 6 (30) | 4 (33) | 0.99 |
| Lack of taste or smell, N (%) | 16 (80) | 5 (42) | 0.027 |
| Persistent | |||
| Fatigue/weakness, N (%) | 9 (45) | 0 (0) | 0.006 |
| Amnesia, N (%) | 1 (5) | 1 (8) | 0.99 |
| Lack of taste or smell, N (%) | 2 (10) | 0 (0) | 0.26 |
| Arrythmia, N (%) | 6 (30) | 4 (33) | 0.84 |
| Center Ventricle | |||
| ED volume, mL/m2 | 78 ± 27 | 79 ± 23 | 0.85 |
| ES volume, mL/m2 | 31 ± 22 | 34 ± 16 | 0.71 |
| Stroke volume, mL/m2 | 50 ± 6 | 46 ± 10 | 0.19 |
| Ejection fraction, % | 64 ± 10 | 59 ± 11 | 0.23 |
| Cardiac index, L/min/m2 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 0.50 |
| Endo longitudinal strain % | –26.3 ± 4.1 | –21.6 ± 4.3 | 0.004 |
| Myo longitudinal strain % | –24.0 ± 3.3 | −19.5 ± 3.8 | 0.001 |
| Endo circumferential strain % | –32.8 ± 6.1 | −31.0 ± 8.9 | 0.49 |
| Myo circumferential strain % | –21.8 ± 3.8 | −19.4 ± 4.5 | 0.13 |
| LV Mass (g/m2) | 50 ± 12 | 62 ± 25 | 0.07 |
| left Atrium | |||
| LA max Vol mL | 37 ± 7 | 36 ± 11 | 0.84 |
| LA emptying fraction % | 65 ± 8 | 54 ± 15 | 0.030 |
| LA strain % | 42 ± 11 | 33 ± 12 | 0.029 |
| Right Ventricle | |||
| ED volume, mL/m2 | 77 ± 14 | 77 ± 17 | 0.97 |
| ES volume, mL/m2 | 34 ± 8 | 39 ± 13 | 0.27 |
| Stroke volume, mL/m2 | 43 ± 9 | 38 ± 7 | 0.16 |
| Ejection fraction, % | 55 ± 7 | 51 ± 9 | 0.14 |
| Endo RV longitudinal strain % | –30.5 ± 5.9 | –24.2 ± 9.1 | 0.048 |
| Myo RV longitudinal strain % | –28.3 ± 5.3 | –22.1 ± 8.9 | 0.044 |
| RV Mass (g/m2) | 12 ± 3 | 16 ± 5 | 0.011 |
| Right Atrium | |||
| RA max Vol mL | 37 ± 12 | 37 ± 12 | 0.85 |
| RA emptying fraction % | 53 ± 11 | 55 ± 11 | 0.65 |
| RA strain % | 46 ± 11 | 36 ± 14 | 0.034 |
| Parametric Imaging | |||
| T1 native | 1258 ± 55 (N=16) | 1296 ± 30 (N=9) | 0.035 |
| ECV | 26 ± 5 (N=16) | 27 ± 3 (N=9) | 0.64 |
| T2 | 47 ± 4 (N=16) | 51 ± 7 (N=9) | 0.06 |
| (N=20) | (N=11) | P | |
| LGE No. (%) | |||
| Ischaemic | 0 (0) | 1 (9) | 0.19 |
| Nonischaemic | 3 (15) | 2 (18) | 0.90 |
| Pericardial | 3 (15) | 0 (0) | 0.16 |
| (N=20) | (N=12) | ||
| Lake Louise Criteria | |||
| 2018 LLC fulfilled, N (%) | 0 (0) | 3 (19) 5 (42) 4 (33) |
|
| Myocardial edema | 3 (15) | ||
| Non–ischaemic myocardial injury | 6 (30) | ||
| Pericarditis/ pericardial effusion | 3 (15) | 5 (42) | |
| Systolic LV DysfunctioN (global or regional) | 2 (10) | 6 (50) | |
| Depressed LVEF, N (%) | 1 (5) | 5 (42) | |
| LV dilatation, N (%) | 2 (10) | 1 (8) | |
| LV increased wall thickness, N (%) | 2 (10) | 5 (42) | |
| Depressed RVEF, N (%) | 2 (5) | 7 (58) | |
| RV dilatation, N (%) | 2 (10) | 2 (17) | |
WHO, World Health Organization; ED, end diastolic; ES, end systolic; Endo, subendocardial layer; Myo, mid–myocardial layer; LV, center ventricular; RV, right ventricular; LA, center atrial; RA, right atrial; ECV, extracellular volume; LLC, 2018 updated Lake Louise Criteria for acute myocarditis.
For comparison of the continuous variables, ANOVA and post–hoc Tukey's tests were used, for categorial variables Chi–square or Fischer tests test were used, a P < 0.05 was considered significant.
For incomplete set of data, N represents the number of subjects included in the analysis. Statistically significant p-values are indicated in bold.