The ECs isolated from the wild-type, i-KO, and ADAR1/MDA5 double i-KO (d-i-KO) mice were cultured, induced by tamoxifen, and assessed for their functional differences was as described in Fig 5. (A, B, C) The cell proliferating rate of d-iKO ECs, monitored by Ki-67 antibody staining, n = 9, (panel A), Cell migration, n = 3, (panel B), and the tuber formation, n = 3, (panel C) were compared with the Wt and i-KO ECs. Whereas the d-i-KO ECs show significant difference from the i-KO cells, P < 0.05, in all three assessments, MDA-5 deletion in the d-i-KO cells does not completely restore the EC functions to the Wt EC levels.