Table 1. Risk Factors Associated With Incident Myopia Between Age 20 and 28 Years.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | Analyses | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All participants | Developed myopia | ||||||
| Univariable | Multivariablea | ||||||
| Yes | No | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | ||
| No. | 516 | 72 | 444 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 261 (50.6) | 26 (36.1) | 235 (90.0) | 1 [Reference] | NA | NA | NA |
| Female | 255 (49.4) | 46 (63.9) | 209 (82.0) | 1.99 (1.19-3.33) | .009 | 1.81 (1.02-3.22) | .04 |
| Raceb | |||||||
| East Asian | 6 (1.2) | 3 (4.2) | 3 (6.8) | 6.63 (1.31-33.63) | .02 | 6.13 (1.06-35.25) | .04 |
| White | 458 (88.8) | 60 (83.3) | 398 (89.6) | 1 [Reference] | NA | NA | NA |
| Other/mixedc | 52 (10.1) | 9 (12.5) | 43 (9.7) | 1.39 (0.64-2.99) | .40 | 1.45 (0.65-3.26) | .55 |
| Parental myopiab,d | |||||||
| None | 373 (72.3) | 40 (55.6) | 333 (75.0) | 1 [Reference] | NA | NA | NA |
| 1 Parent | 102 (19.8) | 24 (33.3) | 78 (17.6) | NA | .001 | 1.57 (1.03-2.38)c | .05 |
| Both parents | 30 (5.8) | 7 (9.7) | 23 (5.2) | 1.86 (1.28-2.70)c | NA | NA | |
| No response | 9 (1.7) | 2 (1.4) | 10 (2.3) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Highest educationb | |||||||
| Up to secondary school | 96 (18.6) | 17 (23.6) | 79 (17.9) | 1 [Reference] | NA | NA | NA |
| Vocational training | 158 (30.6) | 14 (19.4) | 144 (32.4) | 0.45 (0.21-0.96) | .04 | 0.57 (0.13-1.02) | .22 |
| Undergraduate degree | 168 (32.3) | 25 (34.7) | 143 (32.2) | 0.81 (0.41-1.60) | .55 | 0.64 (0.31-1.32) | .44 |
| Postgraduate degree | 77 (14.9) | 15 (20.8) | 62 (14.0) | 1.12 (0.52-2.43) | .77 | 1.00 (0.44-2.25) | .80 |
| No response | 18 (3.3) | 1 (1.4) | 16 (3.6) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| CUVAF area per 10-mm2 increase, median (IQR) | 40.7 (21.6- 64.5) | 34 (14.8-52.7) | 42.8 (23.3- 65.4) | 9.87 (9.78-9.97) | .009 | 9.86 (9.76-9.97) | .009 |
Abbreviations: CUVAF, conjunctival UV autofluorescence; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio.
a
Includes all variables in the table.
b
Self-reported.
c
Other includes Aboriginal Australian, South Asian, Southeast Asian, Torres Strait Islander, or a combination of these with East Asian or White.
d
OR with each additional parent with myopia.