Table 1.

Summary of the Studies Featured in This Review Using Synthetic Biomaterials

Biomaterial	MC type	Use of biomaterial	Outcome
Electrospun PDO, PCL, silk fibroin scaffolds76	Murine: BMMCs	BMMCs, nonactivated and activated by IgE and IgE with dinitrophenol were seeded in vitro onto electrospun scaffolds. Cell adhesion, proliferation, and cytokine secretion were measured.	Nonactivated BMMCs were able to adhere to electrospun scaffolds other than silk. Activation increased adhesion, proliferation, and secretion of TNF-α, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, and IL-13.
PP mesh77	Rat: in vivo	PP mesh was implanted on the surface of the thorax for up to 30 days. Quantities of cNOS+ and iNOS+ MCs were measured to quantify activation.	cNOS+ MC count peaked at day 1 while iNOS+ MC count was highest in day 5. On day 30, MC count was at control levels.
Conjugated nanofiber matrix56	Human: LAD2 cell line and ex vivo skin	The PAMP-12 motif, which is known to activate MCs, was conjugated to nanofiber matrices. These matrices were cultured with MCs in vitro and on human dermis ex vivo.	Matrices with PAMP-12 motif upregulated β-hexosaminidase release in a dose-dependent manner in LAD2s. On human ex vivo skin, tryptase mRNA transcripts were higher in dermis treated with matrices with PAMP-12 motif than nonconjugated matrices.
pPE78	Murine: in vivo	pPE was coated with murine microvascular fragments derived from adipose tissue or platelet-rich plasma.	While coated pPE promoted a prohealing phenotype in macrophages, there was no difference to uncoated controls in terms of MC number and adhesion.
Nanosilver particles79	Rat: in vivo	Commercial orthodontic brackets were coated with nanosilver particles and implanted subcutaneously for up to 60 days.	No difference to controls in terms of MC count, except at day 7 where MC count was lower in coated brackets than control brackets.
Polystyrene film (honeycomb-like)80	Murine: NCL-2 cell line	MCs were cultured in vitro on honeycomb structures made from polystyrene films.	More clustering and formation of multinucleated cells occurred on structures with larger pores.
Ti discs81	Rat: RBL-2H3 cell line	MCs were cultured in vitro on Ti discs with and without nanotopography.	Ti promoted faster adhesion than glass. However, there were no differences in β-hexosaminidase release and vinculin expression. MCs cultured on Ti discs with nanotopography exhibited increased growth and migration.
PDO73	Murine: BMMCs	PDO was electrospun into scaffolds with varying pore size and diameter. MCs were cultured on these scaffolds.	Stimulated MCs on PDO scaffolds of larger pore and fibers demonstrated downregulation of IL-6 and TNF-α, and upregulation of VEGF.
Polyester fibers coated with masitinib-releasing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres82	Murine: in vivo (MC-deficient model)	Masitinib-releasing fibers were subcutaneously implanted for up to 28 days in MC-deficient mice. Masitinib has been shown to inhibit MC proliferation.	There was no significant difference in FBR capsule formation of coated vs. noncoated implants in MC-deficient mice. However, MC-deficient mice experienced thicker fibrotic capsules around the coated implants than wild type mice.
Commercial PP, PP with poliglecaprone, and polyester meshes83	Murine: in vivo	Meshes were implanted subcutaneously for 14 days with or without daily cromolyn treatment (cromolyn is a known MC suppressant).	Inflammation and signs of FBR were seen in all 4 meshes, however, cromolyn treatment downregulated the FBR and inflammatory response. One exception was PP with poliglecaprone, where cromolyn treatment did not significantly downregulate inflammation compared to the saline control.
ZnO nanoparticles55	Rat: RBL-2H3 cell line, and Murine: BMMCs	NPs and bulk ZnO (particulates) were cultured in vitro with MCs. MC activation was assessed through histamine and β-hexosaminidase.	Histamine and β-hexosaminidase release were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner in response to ZnO NPs vs. bulk ZnO.

BMMCs, bone marrow-derived MCs; cNOS, constitutive NOS; FBR, foreign body response; IgE, immunoglobulin E; IL-13, interleukin 13; iNOS, inducible NOS; MC, mast cell; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; NPs, nanoparticles; PCL, poly-ɛ-caprolactone; PDO, polydioxanone; PP, polypropylene; pPE, porous polyethylene; Ti, titanium; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; ZnO, zinc oxide.