Table 5.
adjORs of parents' perception of their child as with underweight or normal weight (compared to being perceived as with a little overweight) among children with overweight (including obesity) according to WHO's definition by country and overall
| Country | N | adjOR (95% Cl)a |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| child's sex (reference = girls) |
age in monthsb | child's BMIb |
characteristics of the parent who completed the form |
|||||||
| urbanization grade of child's residence place (reference = rural areas) |
parent who completed the form (reference = mother) |
parent's educational attainment (reference = high level) |
parent's weight status (reference = normal weight) |
|||||||
| boys | BMI | BMI2 (squared) | urban | father | low-medium level | preobesity | obesity | |||
| ALB | 514 | 1.30 (0.78–2.15) | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) | 0.09 (0.03–0.26) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 1.13 (0.45–2.83) | 2.33 (1.11–4.89) | 1.51 (0.88–2.60) | 0.60 (0.40–0.91) | 0.25 (0.12–0.53) |
| BUL | 912 | 1.54 (1.04–2.28) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 0.03 (0.01–0.12) | 1.07 (1.03–1.10) | 2.30 (1.28–4.14) | 1.45 (0.68–3.10) | 1.52 (0.99–2.34) | 1.68 (0.96–2.97) | 0.93 (0.49–1.77) |
| CRO | 816 | 1.51 (1.00–2.27) | 1.06 (1.00–1.12) | 0.03 (0.01–0.14) | 1.07 (1.03–1.10) | 0.78 (0.45–1.35) | 0.87 (0.47–1.6) | 2.05 (1.28–3.30) | 1.38 (0.86–2.23) | 1.49 (0.75–2.97) |
| CZH | 239 | 1.58 (0.75–3.31) | 1.08 (0.98–1.20) | 0.01 (0.00–0.07) | 1.10 (1.05–1.16) | 0.92 (0.41–2.07) | n.a. | 0.72 (0.20–2.55) | 0.90 (0.33–2.48) | 0.46 (0.16–1.33) |
| GEO | 637 | 2.57 (1.71–3.85) | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) | 0.04 (0.01–0.14) | 1.06 (1.03–1.09) | 1.00 (0.57–1.76) | 0.84 (0.24–2.89) | 1.95 (1.24–3.07) | 0.99 (0.57–1.73) | 0.90 (0.52–1.54) |
| ITA | 15,747 | 1.24 (1.12–1.38) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.04 (0.03–0.05) | 1.06 (1.05–1.07) | 1.06 (0.94–1.19) | 1.03 (0.85–1.25) | 1.30 (1.14–1.49) | 1.11 (0.97–1.26) | 1.17 (0.97–1.41) |
| KAZ | 650 | 1.73 (0.95–3.15) | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) | 0.08 (0.02–0.33) | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) | 1.16 (0.57–2.39) | 1.10 (0.32–3.78) | 2.03 (0.80–5.16) | 0.53 (0.22–1.24) | 0.32 (0.10–1.02) |
| KGZ | 541 | 1.13 (0.61–2.12) | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 0.01 (0.00–0.07) | 1.09 (1.05–1.14) | 1.61 (0.62–4.22) | 1.89 (0.83–4.30) | 1.16 (0.65–2.07) | 0.63 (0.33–1.22) | 0.43 (0.20–0.93) |
| LTU | 766 | 1.69 (1.16–2.45) | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) | 0.02 (0.01–0.10) | 1.07 (1.04–1.11) | 1.41 (0.89–2.25) | 1.92 (0.75–4.91) | 1.19 (0.78–1.82) | 1.68 (1.14–2.46) | 1.39 (0.78–2.48) |
| LVA | 1,350 | 2.35 (1.77–3.12) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.02 (0.01–0.06) | 1.07 (1.05–1.10) | 1.49 (0.85–2.62) | 0.99 (0.57–1.70) | 1.12 (0.81–1.53) | 0.79 (0.58–1.08) | 1.02 (0.69–1.50) |
| MAT | 870 | 1.32 (0.92–1.90) | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 0.04 (0.01–0.11) | 1.06 (1.03–1.09) | n.a. | n.a. | 1.45 (0.96–2.19) | 0.97 (0.64–1.48) | 1.67 (1.04–2.66) |
| MNE | 838 | 1.96 (1.31–2.93) | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | 0.02 (0.01–0.08) | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | 1.35 (0.62–2.93) | 0.69 (0.43–1.10) | 2.13 (1.36–3.33) | 1.35 (0.87–2.07) | 0.93 (0.40–2.19) |
| POL | 828 | 0.97 (0.57–1.65) | 0.98 (0.89–1.09) | 0.03 (0.01–0.12) | 1.07 (1.03–1.10) | 1.38 (0.85–2.24) | 0.95 (0.40–2.26) | 1.28 (0.68–2.39) | 0.85 (0.53–1.39) | 1.19 (0.57–2.50) |
| POR | 1,671 | 1.00 (0.73–1.36) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 0.02 (0.01–0.05) | 1.07 (1.05–1.09) | 1.03 (0.59–1.81) | 1.88 (1.13–3.13) | 2.44 (1.64–3.63) | 0.96 (0.65–1.40) | 0.67 (0.44–1.04) |
| ROM | 1,500 | 1.65 (1.13–2.39) | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.03 (0.02–0.07) | 1.07 (1.05–1.08) | 0.93 (0.67–1.30) | 1.02 (0.63–1.64) | 1.17 (0.83–1.65) | 1.24 (0.87–1.76) | 0.91 (0.56–1.47) |
| SPA | 3,707 | 1.18 (0.95–1.46) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 0.05 (0.03–0.11) | 1.05 (1.04–1.07) | 1.25 (0.93–1.67) | 0.98 (0.69–1.39) | 1.29 (1.03–1.60) | 1.28 (0.98–1.68) | 1.40 (1.00–1.95) |
| TKM | 381 | 1.26 (0.50–3.20) | 0.89 (0.79–1.01) | 0.03 (0.00–0.28) | 1.07 (1.02–1.13) | 4.38 (1.49–12.88) | 1.18 (0.39–3.58) | 1.83 (0.52–6.38) | 0.50 (0.18–1.39) | 0.14 (0.04–0.48) |
| TUR | 2,347 | 1.48 (1.04–2.11) | 1.01 (0.97–1.04) | 0.02 (0.01–0.05) | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | 2.99 (1.08–8.26) | 1.54 (0.99–2.40) | 1.38 (0.88–2.17) | 0.73 (0.48–1.13) | 0.89 (0.55–1.42) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Pooled estimateb | ||||||||||
| Boys & girls | 20,916 | 1.41 (1.28–1.55) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.03 (0.02–0.04) | 1.06 (1.06–1.07) | 1.10 (0.99–1.24) | 1.14 (0.98–1.33) | 1.41 (1.26–1.57) | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 0.97 (0.83–1.12) |
| Boys | 11,090 | − | 1.00 (0.87–1.02) | 0.01 (0.01–0.02) | 1.08 (1.07–1.09) | 0.99 (0.84–1.17) | 1.29 (1.04–1.60) | 1.37 (1.17–1.61) | 1.09 (0.91–1.30) | 1.04 (0–84–1.28) |
| Girls | 9,826 | - | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.03 (0.02–0.05) | 1.06 (1.05–1.07) | 1.14 (0.97–1.34) | 1.05 (0.84–1.31) | 1.53 (1.30–1.81) | 1.12 (0.95–1.32) | 0.93 (0.75–1.15) |
The following age group countries were included in the pooled analysis: 7 year olds from BUL, GEO, KGZ, LVA, LTU, MNE, POL, SPA, TKM, and TUR; 8 year olds from ALB, CRO, ITA, POL, and ROM; and 9 year olds from KAZ. COSI/WHO Europe round 4 (2015–17). adjORs, adjusted ORs; COSI, Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative; Cl, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; BUL, Bulgaria; CZH, Czechia; DEN, Denmark; KGZ, Kyrgyzstan; GEO, Georgia; LVA, Latvia; LTU, Lithuania; MTA, Malta; MNE, Montenegro; RUS, Moscow city-Russian Lederation; POR, Portugal; SPA, Spain; TJK, Tajikistan; TKM, Turkey; TUR, Turkmenistan, ALB, Albania; CRO, Croatia; ITA, Italy; POL, Poland; ROM, Romania; SMR, San Marino; KAZ, Kazakhstan.
adjORs and 95% Cl were estimated through multilevel logistic regression models with random effects for primary sampling units. Country models included child's sex and age in months, urbanization grade of child's place of residence (urban or rural), the relation between the respondent and the child (father or mother), and educational attainment and weight status of the parent who completed the form.
Pooled estimates also included country among the covariates.