. 2021 Dec 24;12:790898. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.790898

Table 1.

Nutritional and nutraceutical composition of whole wheat grain (WWG)- and wheat bran (WB)-derived ingredients.

Components (g 100/g d.w.)	WWG	GERM	WB	SPD	MEC
Starch	60.96 ± 3.90^b	26.11 ± 1.39^a	19.13 ± 0.56^c	10.28 ± 0.72^b	1.39 ± 0.04^a
Total insoluble dietary fiber	10.62 ± 1.48^a	16.35 ± 0.78^b	37.83 ± 0.40^a	nd	nd
Total soluble polysaccharides	3.74 ± 0.53^a	4.52 ± 0.55^a	5.90 ± 0.40^a	9.74 ± 1.34^b	12.03 ± 0.97^b
β-glucan	0.77 ± 0.04^b	0.60 ± 0.09^a	1.95 ± 0.10^b	2.50 ± 0.23^c	1.35 ± 0.15^a
Total soluble oligosaccharides	4.85 ± 1.08^a	3.05 ± 0.17^a	11.63 ± 0.03^a	21.91 ± 3.05^b	9.13 ± 2.32^a
Raffinose	0.88 ± 0.00	nd	1.42 ± 0.17^a	1.38 ± 0.23^a	0.92 ± 0.14^a
Stachyose	< LOQ	< LOQ	0.14 ± 0.03^c	0.11 ± 0.02^b	0.04 ± 0.01^a
Xylotriose	nd	nd	nd	4.78 ± 0.59^b	2.98 ± 0.29^a
XA³XX/XA²XX	nd	nd	nd	0.09 ± 0.02^b	0.01 ± 0.01^a
A^{2, 3}XX	nd	nd	nd	0.97 ± 0.12^b	0.65 ± 0.03^a
FAXX	nd	nd	nd	0.10 ± 0.08^a	0.07 ± 0.00^a
Total dietary fiber	19.22 ± 0.14^a	23.92 ± 1.50^b	55.36 ± 0.03^c	31.65 ± 1.70^b	21.17 ± 1.35^a
Glucose	0.62 ± 0.02^a	8.03 ± 0.27^b	1.19 ± 0.01^a	4.40 ± 0.21^c	2.35 ± 0.06^b
Galactose	0.05 ± 0.01^a	0.10 ± 0.01^b	0.11 ± 0.02^a	0.23 ± 0.02^b	0.11 ± 0.05^a
Arabinose	0.03 ± 0.00^a	0.21 ± 0.01^b	0.04 ± 0.00^a	1.09 ± 0.05^c	0.51 ± 0.01^b
Xylose	< LOQ^*	< LOQ^*	< LOQ^*	0.70 ± 0.05^b	0.33 ± 0.04^a
Fructose	0.43 ± 0.03^a	2.05 ± 0.04^b	1.05 ± 0.07^a	2.18 ± 0.09^c	1.18 ± 0.06^b
Sucrose	0.18 ± 0.00	< LOQ^*	0.17 ± 0.01^a	1.12 ± 0.06^c	0.75 ± 0.04^b
Maltose	nd	nd	nd	9.34 ± 0.31^b	6.49 ± 0.78^a
Cellobiose	nd	2.28 ± 0.21	nd	1.03 ± 0.09^b	0.51 ± 0.06^a
Total di- and monosaccharides	1.31 ± 0.04^a	10.40 ± 0.27^b	2.56 ± 0.05^a	20.10 ± 0.39^c	12.23 ± 0.80^b
Protein	12.17 ± 1.21^a	12.07 ± 1.14^a	15.62 ± 0.09^b	10.36 ± 0.18^a	39.18 ± 0.87^c
Phytic acid	0.76 ± 0.02^b	0.51 ± 0.01^a	2.82 ± 0.07^c	0.85 ± 0.10^a	1.49 ± 0.08^b
Free phosphorous	0.01 ± 0.00^a	0.08 ± 0.00^b	0.06 ± 0.00^a	1.15 ± 0.06^c	0.72 ± 0.03^b
Phenolic compounds
TSPC (g GAE/100 g d.w.)	0.16 ± 0.01^a	0.43 ± 0.01^b	0.49 ± 0.01^a	0.93 ± 0.02^c	0.60 ± 0.01^b
Soluble FA isomers (mg/100 g d.w.)	1.25 ± 0.04^a	1.56 ± 0.20^b	4.03 ± 0.29^a	177.81 ± 1.21^c	104.98 ± 1.39^b

Data are mean values ± standard deviation of at least three replicates. Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences among the mean values of different treatments (WWG vs. GERM; WB vs. SPD vs. MEC) (one-way analysis of variance, ANOVA, post-hoc Duncan's test, p ≤ 0.05). A^{2, 3}XX, 2³,3³-di-α-L-arabinofuranosyl-xylotriose; XA³XX/XA²XX, 3³-α-L-arabinofuranosyl-xylotetraose/3³-α-L-plus 2³-α-L-arabinofuranosyl-xylotetraose; d.w., dry weight; FA, ferulic acid; FAXX, O-(5-O-feruloyl-α-L-arabinofuranosyl)-(1-3)-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-4)-D-xylopyranose; GAE, gallic acid equivalents; GERM, germinated whole-wheat grain; SPD, hydrolyzed WB spray-dried at 130°C; MEC, hydrolyzed WB spray-dried at 130°C and microencapsulated with Pisane C₉; LOQ, limit of quantification; nd, not detected; TSPC, total soluble phenolic compounds; WB, wheat bran; WWG, whole wheat grain.

LOQ = 0.1 μg/mL.