Table 6.
Effect of in vitro digestion on antioxidant activity of wheat ingredients.
| Ingredient | Digestion phase | DPPH (μmol TE/100 g) | ABTS (μmol/TE 100 g) | ORAC (μmol TE/100 g) | FRAP (mmol Fe+2/100 g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GERM | Non-digested | 1133.96 ± 118.04b, A | 3434.28 ± 58.38b, A | 4080.59 ± 247.12b, A | 1845.72 ± 58.65b, A |
| Gastric | 1249.15 ± 47.68b, A | 4631.08 ± 400.93a, B | 12216.26 ± 747.32b, B | 2696.24 ± 20.39b, B | |
| Intestinal | 3451.72 ± 97.77c, B | 16642.24 ± 670.75a, C | 22623.05 ± 1074.10b, C | 5320.77 ± 200.02b, C | |
| SPD | Non-digested | 2724.59 ± 13.52d, B | 11519.50 ± 551.18d, B | 12896.99 ± 606.95d, A | 5647.30 ± 133.62d, A |
| Gastric | 1696.99 ± 136.91c, A | 9203.99 ± 477.61b, A | 15109.47 ± 1341.92b, B | 6063.72 ± 51.40d, B | |
| Intestinal | 3235.13 ± 1279.13c, B | 23183.00 ± 2498.27b, C | 20456.35 ± 1103.22b, C | 9386.18 ± 451.83d, C | |
| MEC | Non-digested | 1508.98 ± 9.67c, B | 7224.50 ± 290.68c, A | 7369.20 ± 387.94c, A | 2898.20 ± 3.98c, A |
| Gastric | 1178.26 ± 70.53b, A | 13299.55 ± 188.80d, B | 12429.18 ± 2150.54b, B | 3329.17 ± 76.54c, B | |
| Intestinal | 1577.07 ± 110.20b, B | 27961.34 ± 988.97c, C | 20546.94 ± 941.81b, C | 6640.79 ± 335.46c, C | |
| Pisane C9 | Non-digested | 70.73 ± 6.53a, A | 2173.08 ± 128.96a, A | 1339.03 ± 101.55a, A | 498.51 ± 27.52a, A |
| Gastric | 205.99 ± 29.67a, B | 12719.55 ± 282.45c, B | 9221.86 ± 1833.35a, B | 891.02 ± 97.22a, B | |
| Intestinal | 278.71 ± 23.04a, C | 37187.78 ± 1757.47d, C | 19665.77 ± 712.94a, C | 473.02 ± 11.02a, A |
Data are mean values ± standard deviation of three replicates. Different lowercase letters in the same row indicate significant differences among digestion phases (one-way ANOVA, post-hoc Duncan's test, p ≤ 0.05). Different uppercase letters denote significant differences among ingredients in the same phase of digestion (one-way ANOVA, post-hoc Duncan's test, p ≤ 0.05). ABTS, 2,2'- azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate; FRAP, ferric reducing antioxidant power; GERM, germinated whole-wheat grain; SPD, hydrolyzed WB spray-dried at 130°C; MEC, hydrolyzed WB spray-dried at 130°C and microencapsulated with Pisane C9 (MEC); ORAC, oxygen radical absorbance capacity.