Table 7.

Effect of in vitro digestion on the anti-inflammatory activity of wheat ingredients.

Ingredient	Digestion phase	Dose (mg/mL)
		0.05	0.1	0.5	0.05	0.1	0.5
		IL-6 (% inhibition)			TNF-α (% inhibition)
GERM	Non-digested	75.63 ± 0.00d, B	56.56 ± 4.08c, A	65.12 ± 3.26b, A	39.34 ± 7.57ab, A	38.30 ± 5.09a, A	48.95 ± 7.03c, A
	Gastric	76.36 ± 6.36d, B	61.71 ± 4.51c, A	51.59 ± 0.18a, A	35.69 ± 8.81ab, A	42.28 ± 3.14abc, A	40.40 ± 2.34bc, A
	Intestinal	63.96 ± 17.33cd, A	52.63 ± 0.73bc, A	100.00 ± 0.00d, B	37.63 ± 8.93ab, A	49.11 ± 4.41bc, A	97.06 ± 0.45d, B
SPD	Non-digested	34.94 ± 4.87a, A	34.18 ± 2.38a, A	75.01 ± 5.37c, B	29.47 ± 6.05a, AB	37.77 ± 3.21a, B	24.16 ± 9.42a, A
	Gastric	24.97 ± 1.29a, A	36.47 ± 9.05a, A	67.36 ± 4.73bc, B	57.32 ± 1.08c, C	51.75 ± 0.10c, B	46.60 ± 1.67c, A
	Intestinal	24.27 ± 2.57a, A	43.14 ± 5.35ab, B	99.70 ± 0.08d, C	45.34 ± 4.01bc, A	49.31 ± 6.20bc, A	92.43 ± 1.10d, B
MEC	Non-digested	64.81 ± 1.76cd, B	57.95 ± 0.88c, A	62.00 ± 0.98b, AB	55.05 ± 3.17c, A	56.31 ± 3.19c, A	43.55 ± 0.56bc, A
	Gastric	57.88 ± 0.81bc, A	63.58 ± 0.68c, A	65.94 ± 7.63b, A	34.40 ± 9.77ab, A	37.32 ± 4.09a, A	34.60 ± 4.20b, A
	Intestinal	51.02 ± 7.15b, A	38.47 ± 2.71a, A	99.93 ± 0.01d, B	41.89 ± 2.76ab, A	39.74 ± 3.26ab, A	96.40 ± 0.48d, B
		0.025	0.05	0.25	0.025	0.05	0.25
Pisane C9	Non-digested	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
	Gastric	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
	Intestinal	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd

Different uppercase letters in the same row indicate significant differences (p ≤ 0.05, Duncan's test) among doses (one-way ANOVA, post-hoc Duncan's test, p ≤ 0.05). Different lowercase letters in the same column denote significant differences among ingredients in the same phase of digestion (one-way ANOVA, post-hoc Duncan's test, p ≤ 0.05). GERM, germinated whole-wheat grain; SPD, hydrolyzed WB spray-dried at 130°C; MEC, hydrolyzed WB spray-dried at 130°C and microencapsulated with Pisane C₉; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Bold values are Dose (mg/mL) used for cell treatment with Pisane.