Table 1.
Fescue induced metabolic perturbations in cattle.
| Level | Item | Response | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Animal | Weight gain | ↓ | (19, 38, 39) |
| Feed intake | ↓ | (19, 38, 39) | |
| Salivation | ↑ | (19, 110) | |
| Nervousness | ↑ | (39) | |
| Respiration rate | ↑ | (11, 39, 40, 103) | |
| Body temperature | ↑ | (11, 40, 103) | |
| Gangrene of the extremities | Present | (11–13, 15, 25) | |
| Rough hair coat | Present | (15, 40) | |
| Milk production | ↓ | (9, 21) | |
| Reproductive fitness | ↓ | (16, 111) | |
| Tissue | Circulating cholesterol | ↓ | (110–113) |
| Circulating insulin | ↓ | (107) | |
| Circulating IGF-1 | ↓ | (114) | |
| Insulin and glucose clearance | ↓ | (115) | |
| Volatile fatty acid absorption | ↓ | (116) | |
| Vasoconstriction | ↑ | (11, 25, 47, 81, 93) | |
| Bronchoconstriction | ↑ | (81) | |
| Platelet aggregation | ↑ | (81) | |
| Thrombosis | ↑ | (11, 25) | |
| Prolactin secretion | ↓ | (41, 47, 104) | |
| Fat necrosis | ↑ | (15–17) | |
| Alkaloid accumulation | ↑ | (85) | |
| Cellular | 5-HT Serotonin receptor activation | ↑ | (47, 81, 86, 91) |
| α-Adrenergic receptor activation | ↑ | (81, 86, 101) | |
| D2 Dopamine receptor activation | ↑ | (81, 86, 104) | |
| Rate of receptor internalization | ↑ | (90) | |
| Metabolome | Tryptophan metabolism | Disrupted | (117) |
| Lipid metabolism | Disrupted | (117) | |
| Plasma glycerol metabolites | ↑ | (117) | |
| Transcriptome | Immune response molecules | ↓ | (118, 119) |
| Molecular transport | Disrupted | (118, 119) | |
| Lipid metabolism | ↓ | (118, 119) | |
| Fatty acid metabolism | ↓ | (118, 119) | |
| Transporters | ↓ | (118) | |
| Ion channels | ↓ | (118) | |
| Uptake of carbohydrates and monosaccharides | ↑ | (119) | |
| Proteome (intake restricted) | mTOR protein | ↑ | (115) |
| S6K1 protein | No change | (115) | |
| 4E-BP1 protein | No change | (115) |