Table 3.
Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs of chronic disease according to energy-adjusted dietary calcium intake in HDNNCDS (2010–2016).
| Variables | Energy-adjusted dietary calcium intake | p trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
| Obesity | |||||
| Intake (mg/d) | 294.81 ± 124.12 | 342.72 ± 125.76 | 464.67 ± 128.95 | 720.74 ± 210.09 | |
| Case/N | 176/1,650 | 112/1,654 | 126/1,652 | 92/1,650 | |
| Model 1a | Reference | 0.68 (0.49–0.95) | 0.77 (0.56–1.07) | 0.58 (0.41–0.83) | 0.006 |
| Model 2b | Reference | 0.67 (0.47–0.95) | 0.78 (0.56–1.10) | 0.60 (0.42–0.87) | 0.016 |
| Model 3c | Reference | 0.65 (0.46–0.93) | 0.76 (0.54–1.07) | 0.58 (0.40–0.83) | 0.015 |
| Hypertension | |||||
| Intake (mg/d) | 255.78 ± 59.74 | 379.47 ± 27.40 | 486.59 ± 36.75 | 704.54 ± 144.90 | |
| Case/N | 356/1,332 | 360/1,336 | 342/1,334 | 320/1,332 | |
| Model 1 | Reference | 1.05 (0.85–1.29) | 0.97 (0.78–1.20) | 0.90 (0.72–1.11) | 0.224 |
| Model 2 | Reference | 1.06 (0.85-1.33) | 1.01 (0.81-1.27) | 0.95 (0.76-1.19) | 0.539 |
| Model 3 | Reference | 1.04 (0.83–1.30) | 0.99 (0.79–1.24) | 0.95 (0.76–1.19) | 0.559 |
| Type 2 diabetes | |||||
| Intake (mg/d) | 256.41 ± 60.75 | 376.10 ± 26.50 | 483.60 ± 36.92 | 704.12 ± 149.67 | |
| Case/N | 158/1,874 | 154/1,876 | 62/1,876 | 140/1,874 | |
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.99 (0.73–1.36) | 1.02 (0.75–1.40) | 0.88 (0.64–1.22) | 0.428 |
| Model 2 | Reference | 1.00 (0.73–1.38) | 1.04 (0.76–1.43) | 0.88 (0.63–1.23) | 0.444 |
| Model 3 | Reference | 1.02 (0.73–1.41) | 1.05 (0.76–1.44) | 0.88 (0.63–1.23) | 0.442 |
| Cardiovascular disease | |||||
| Intake (mg/d) | 266.22 ± 76.05 | 399.74 ± 27.54 | 503.26 ± 37.15 | 731.80 ± 164.39 | |
| Case/N | 208/1,316 | 208/1,314 | 246/1,312 | 236/1,316 | |
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.98 (0.75–1.29) | 1.08 (0.83–1.40) | 1.00 (0.77–1.31) | 0.887 |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.98 (0.74–1.29) | 1.09 (0.83–1.42) | 1.02 (0.78–1.34) | 0.776 |
| Model 3 | Reference | 1.03 (0.77–1.36) | 1.13 (0.86–1.49) | 1.02 (0.78–1.34) | 0.826 |
a
Model 1 adjusted with age and gender.
b
Model 2 adjusted with age, gender, BMI, alcohol consumption rate, smoking rate, physical activity, and education.
c
Model 3 adjusted with age, gender, BMI, alcohol consumption rate, smoking rate, physical activity, education, dietary energy intake, and AHEI. BMI, body mass index; AHEI, alternative healthy eating index.