FIGURE 4.

Principal of NTIRE: Ablation timeline for individual neurons and new projections. (A) Initial cell death and destruction of dendrites is seen in the initial minutes. Unlike the thermal ablation which destroys vessels and neurons immediately and leaves the brain with a coagulated region, NTIRE does not show complete cell loss until day 3 (corresponding well with histology) and shows numerous signs of allowing the ablated brain region to recovery from the ablation to some degree. (B) We follow the time course of an example neuron (white arrow) in a section of cortex which has been ablated with NTIRE using the microelectrodes (top panels) and a slice at the depth of the neuron (bottom panels). The neuron before and 10 min after NTIRE shows no specific change, although the irreversible electroporation event has taken place, and the neuron is on a trajectory toward cell death. Interesting the majority of neurons will be cleared away by day 3, corresponding well with histology (Supplementary Figure 4). Arrival of immune cells, Dendritic Cells seen here, at days 3 and 4, in particular seemingly concentrating themselves outside of vessels. By day 7 the peak concentration of Dendritic Cells is reached. Before and immediately after NTIRE, no change is seen (Supplementary Figure 5).