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. 2022 Jan 7;21:13. doi: 10.1186/s12943-021-01484-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Biogenesis and function of various circular RNAs. Circular RNAs are the product of back splicing of pre-messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs), comprising intronic circRNA (ciRNA) from intron (A), Exonic and intronic circRNA (EIciRNA) from exon covering intronic regions (B), exon circRNA (EcircRNA) from exons in nuclear (C) and mitochondrial genomes (mecciRNAs) (D), read-through circRNA (rt-CircRNA) from exons between neighboring genes on the same strand (E), and fused circRNA (f-circRNA) fuse from exons between two distant genes (F). CiRNA interacts with small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) to enhance transcription rate of its host gene (G). EIciRNA can be a scaffold to recruit functional molecules (H). EcircRNAs are exported to cytoplasm as the sponges of micro-RNA (I) and protein (J), or as the templates to be translated into novel protein (K). MecciRNA may be linked to an inhibition of Reactive oxygen species-ROS (L). F-circRNA accompanied with fused protein to promote tumorigenesis (M)