Fig. 3.

Feature selection using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) binary logistic regression model. A Tuning parameter (λ) selection in the LASSO model using 10-fold cross-validation via minimum criteria. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) curve was plotted against log (λ). Vertical lines were drawn at the optimal values using the minimum criteria and one standard error of the minimum criteria (the 1-SE criteria). A value of 0.004 with log (λ) of − 5.324 was chosen (1-SE criteria) according to the 10-fold cross-validation. B LASSO coefficient profiles of 16 texture features. A coefficient profile plot was plotted against the log (λ) sequence. Using 10-fold cross-validation, the optimal λ resulted in 11 non-zero coefficients