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. 2021 Nov 3;89(2):222–230. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002847

TABLE 2.

Factors Associated With Poor Sleep in Women's Interagency HIV Study Participants (n = 1583)

Variables Poor Sleep, PSQI >5 (n = 821) Better Sleep, PSQI ≤5 (n = 762) Unadjusted Adjusted
n (%) n (%) OR (95% CI) P * OR (95% CI) P
HIV disease status
 Viremic WLWH 226 (27.5) 174 (22.8) 1.36 (1.07 to 1.74) 0.045 1.26 (0.96 to 1.64) 0.199
 Aviremic WLWH 353 (43.0) 370 (48.6) Ref. Ref.
 HIV-uninfected women 242 (29.5) 218 (28.6) 1.16 (0.92 to 1.47) 1.18 (0.92 to 1.51)
Age at visit, mean (SD) 51.6 (9.0) 49.9 (9.5) 1.02 (1.01 to 1.03) 0.0004 1.02 (1.01 to 1.03) 0.003
Race/ethnicity
 Non-Hispanic Black 482 (58.7) 503 (66.0) 0.47 (0.33 to 0.69) 0.0008 0.56 (0.38 to 0.83) 0.036
 Hispanic 110 (13.4) 97 (12.7) 0.56 (0.36 to 0.87) 0.61 (0.37 to 0.99)
 Non-Hispanic other 134 (16.3) 115 (15.1) 0.58 (0.38 to 0.89) 0.66 (0.42 to 1.04)
 Non-Hispanic White 95 (11.6) 47 (6.2) Ref. Ref.
Education
 <High school 268 (32.6) 219 (28.8) 1.13 (0.89 to 1.44) 0.146 1.07 (0.82 to 1.40) 0.140
 High school 252 (30.7) 264 (34.7) 0.88 (0.70 to 1.12) 0.83 (0.64 to 1.08)
 >High school 301 (36.7) 278 (36.5) Ref. Ref.
Income, ≤$18,000/yr 527 (65.2) 431 (57.5) 1.38 (1.13 to 1.70) 0.002 1.33 (1.06 to 1.67) 0.015
Unemployed 555 (67.6) 394 (51.7) 1.95 (1.59 to 2.39) <0.0001 1.82 (1.41 to 2.34) <0.0001
Unstable housing 155 (18.9) 109 (14.3) 1.39 (1.07 to 1.82) 0.015 1.31 (0.98 to 1.76) 0.067
Partner status, no partner 598 (73.6) 530 (70.4) 1.17 (0.94 to 1.46) 0.163 1.14 (0.90 to 1.44) 0.275
Cigarette smoker, current 353 (43.0) 243 (31.9) 1.61 (1.31 to 1.98) <0.0001 1.49 (1.19 to 1.86) 0.0005
Hazardous alcohol, >7 drink/wk 82 (10.0) 49 (6.4) 1.61 (1.12 to 2.33) 0.010 1.51 (1.03 to 2.23) 0.037
Noninjection drug, current 263 (32.0) 155 (20.3) 1.85 (1.47 to 2.32) <0.0001 1.70 (1.33 to 2.17) <0.0001
Injection drug§, ever 166 (20.2) 85 (11.2) 2.02 (1.52 to 2.68) <0.0001 1.47 (1.07 to 2.01) 0.016
Menopausal status
 Menopausal 374 (45.6) 305 (40.0) 1.48 (1.19 to 1.84) <0.0001 1.30 (0.95 to 1.78) 0.003
 Not menopausal 295 (35.9) 356 (46.7) Ref. Ref.
 N/A due to hysterectomy 152 (18.5) 101 (13.3) 1.82 (1.35 to 2.44) 1.83 (1.29 to 2.60)
Body mass index, mean (SD) 32.8 (9.2) 32.5 (9.0) 0.580
 Underweight 15 (1.9) 11 (1.5) 1.35 (0.60 to 3.06) 0.799 1.22 (0.52 to 2.83) 0.346
 Normal 132 (16.2) 131 (17.3) Ref. Ref.
 Overweight 213 (26.2) 187 (24.7) 1.13 (0.83 to 1.54) 1.35 (0.97 to 1.88)
 Obese 453 (55.7) 427 (56.5) 1.05 (0.80 to 1.39) 1.26 (0.94 to 1.70)
CES-D, median (IQR) 14 (6–24) 4 (1–10) 1.10 (1.09 to 1.12) <0.0001 1.10 (1.09 to 1.11) <0.0001
GAD-7, median (IQR) 6 (2–11) 0 (0–3) 1.22 (1.19 to 1.25) <0.0001 1.21 (1.17 to 1.24) <0.0001
HIV-positive participants (n = 1123)
 CD4 count (cells/mm3), median (IQR) 681 (460–918) 680 (488–918) 0.947
  CD4 count below 350 79 (13.6) 78 (14.4) 0.94 (0.67 to 1.31) 0.709 0.93 (0.65 to 1.33) 0.686
 Viral load (copies/mL), median (IQR) 108.5 (39–1120) 79 (35–849) 0.237
 cART adherence, ≥95% 454 (83.9) 448 (87.0) 0.78 (0.55 to 1.10) 0.158 0.72 (0.50 to 1.04) 0.077

Owing to missing data, counts may not add up to total n = 1583. Data presented as counts (frequency), unless otherwise noted.

*

P values calculated from the χ2 tests for categorical variables, Wilcoxon (median), or t tests (mean).

Adjusted for age in years, race, education, income, and WIHS site.

Includes crack, cocaine, andr heroin use, any marijuana use, hallucinogens, club drugs, and methamphetamines.

§

Ever reported use.

IQR, interquartile range.