TABLE 1.
Regulation of epigenetic modifications by metabolites and metabolic enzymes.
| Metabolites or metabolic enzymes | Epigenetic modifications | Functions in cancer | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolites | ||||
| Acetyl-CoA | DNA, RNA and Protein acetylation | Plays a regulatory role in tumorigenesis and development | Gopal and Pizzo (2017) | |
| NAD + | Protein dacetylation, desuccinylase, demalonylase | Enables tumor progression, development and survival | Hanahan and Weinberg (2011) | |
| Succinyl CoA | Protein succinylation | Promotes tumor growth and progression | Li et al. (2020b) | |
| 2-hydroxyglutarate | Protein hypermethylation | Contributes to poor prognosis | Cavalli and Heard (2019) | |
| Lactate | Protein lactylation | Contributes to tumorigenesis and indicates poor prognosis | Yu et al. (2021) | |
| Palmitic acids | Protein palmitoylation | Participates in tumorigenesis and cell survival | Yao et al. (2019) | |
| Farnesyl group | Protein farnesylation | Contributes to cancer cell growth | Tamanoi et al. (2001) | |
| Geranylgeranyl group | Protein geranylgeranylation | Essential for cell proliferation and migration | Dou et al. (2015), Mi et al. (2015); Lin and Yang (2016) | |
| β-hydroxybutyrate | Protein β-hydroxybutyrylation | Promotes tumor growth | Liu et al. (2019) | |
| Glutamine | Produce a variety of metabolites | Replenishes the TCA cycle for biosynthesis to meet the needs of proliferation | DeBerardinis et al. (2008), Kuhn et al. (2010) | |
| SAM | DNA, RNA and Protein methylation | Enhances subcutaneous tumor growth | Dann et al. (2015) | |
| UDP-GlcNAc | O-GlcNAcylation | Promotes tumorigenesis | Peng et al. (2017) | |
| Metabolic enzymes | ||||
| ACLY and ACSS1 | Acetylation | Contributes to cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion | Gopal and Pizzo (2017) | |
| α-KGDC | Protein succinylation | Promotes tumor growth and progression | Wang et al. (2017) | |
| SDH | Hypersuccinylation; Hypermethylation | SDH loss causes drug resistance and promotes angiogenesis | Isaacs et al. (2005); Selak et al. (2005); MacKenzie et al. (2007); Smestad et al. (2018) | |
| FH | Hypersuccinylation; Hypermethylation | FH deficiency results in angiogenesis and EMT | Isaacs et al. (2005); Selak et al. (2005); MacKenzie et al. (2007); Cancer Genome Atlas Research et al. (2016); Sciacovelli et al. (2016) | |
| IDH1 and IDH2 | Protein hypermethylation | Contributes to poor prognosis | Figueroa et al. (2010); Lu et al. (2012) | |
| OGT | O-GlcNAcylation | Promotes tumorigenesis | Slawson and Hart (2011); de Queiroz et al. (2014); Yang and Qian (2017) | |