Table 5.
Outcome and variables not included in the PAM-based clustering model.
| Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | Cluster 4 | P -value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 144) | (n = 203) | (n = 158) | (n = 53) | ||
| Symptoms | |||||
| Fever | 120 (83.3, 0.4) | 159 (78.3, −1.8) | 135 (85.4, 1.2) | 45 (84.9, 0.5) | 0.306 |
| Cough | 109 (75.7, 0.1) | 145 (71.4, −1.6) | 123 (77.8, 0.9) | 43 (81.1, 1.0) | 0.367 |
| Expectoration | 66 (45.8, 0.3) | 86 (42.4, −0.8) | 75 (47.5, 0.8) | 22 (41.5, −0.5) | 0.746 |
| Shortness of breath | 74 (51.4, −1.7) | 117 (57.6, 0.1) | 100 (63.3, 1.8) | 29 (54.7, −0.4) | 0.210 |
| Myalgia | 27 (18.8, −0.8) | 38 (18.7, −1.0) | 41 (25.9, 1.8) | 11 (20.8, 0) | 0.332 |
| Fatigue | 48 (33.3, −0.3) | 68 (33.5, −0.3) | 57 (36.1, 0.5) | 19 (35.8, 0.2) | 0.942 |
| Diarrhea | 23 (16.0, −2.2) | 50 (24.6, 0.9) | 39 (24.7, 0.7) | 14 (26.4, 0.7) | 0.177 |
| Nausea/vomiting | 17 (11.8, −0.7) | 29 (14.3, 0.4) | 23 (14.6, 0.5) | 6 (11.3, −0.5) | 0.842 |
| At admission | |||||
| FiO2 | 0.30 (0.27, 0.30) bc | 0.30 (0.27, 0.30) de | 0.36 (0.30, 0.42) f | 0.51 (0.38, 0.63) | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 124 (117, 136) ac | 131 (121, 143) | 131 (120, 146) | 135 (122, 151) | 0.004 |
| DBP, mmHg | 81 (76, 90) | 79 (72, 87) | 78 (73, 88) | 80 (72, 88) | 0.258 |
| CURB-65 score | 0 (0, 1) abc | 1 (1, 1) de | 1 (1, 2) f | 2 (2, 3) | <0.001 |
| ARDS at admission | bc | de | f | ||
| No ARDS | 108 (75.0, 4.4) | 170 (83.7, 8.9) | 49 (31.0, −8.6) | 4 (7.5, −8.1) | <0.001 |
| Mild | 29 (20.1, −0.5) | 26 (12.8, −3.8) | 55 (34.8, 4.8) | 10 (18.9, −0.5) | |
| Moderate | 5 (3.5, −3.9) | 6 (3.0, −5.2) | 41 (25.9, 5.9) | 19 (35.8, 5.3) | |
| Severe | 2 (1.4, −2.9) | 1 (0.5, −4.3) | 13 (8.2, 1.1) | 20 (37.7, 9.7) | |
| Initial laboratory parameters | |||||
| Hematocrit, % | 38 (34, 40) a | 35 (32, 38) de | 37 (34, 40) | 38 (34, 41) | <0.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 28 (19, 48) a | 20 (13, 36) d | 29 (17, 47) | 24 (19, 41) | <0.001 |
| AST, U/L | 27 (20, 38) bc | 23 (18, 34) de | 40 (28, 62) | 41 (26, 56) | <0.001 |
| Total protein, g/L | 69.6 (66.2, 73.5) bc | 68.0 (64.6, 72.7) de | 65.9 (62.5, 70.5) | 63.3 (60.8, 69.9) | <0.001 |
| Albumin, g/L | 35.7 (31.5, 39.5) bc | 34.4 (31.4, 38.3) de | 31.4 (28.4, 34.2) | 29.3 (26.7, 31.8) | <0.001 |
| Globulins, g/L | 33.3 (29.9, 37.8) b | 33.5 (30.1, 37.1) d | 34.9 (31.4, 39.1) | 34.8 (31.5, 39.1) | 0.003 |
| During hospitalization | |||||
| Highest FiO2 | 0.30 (0.30, 0.36) bc | 0.33 (0.30, 0.36) de | 0.66 (0.45, 1.00) f | 1.00 (0.70, 1.00) | <0.001 |
| ARDS during hospitalization | bc | de | f | ||
| No ARDS | 62 (43.1, 5.3) | 83 (40.9, 5.9) | 2 (1.3, −8.5) | 0 (0, −4.6) | <0.001 |
| Mild | 60 (41.7, 3.6) | 80 (39.4, 3.7) | 27 (17.1, −4.2) | 0 (0, −5.0) | |
| Moderate | 11 (7.6, −2.1) | 22 (10.8, −0.9) | 35 (22.2, 4.3) | 2 (3.8, −2.0) | |
| Severe | 11 (7.6, −7.1) | 18 (8.9, −8.6) | 94 (59.5, 9.1) | 51 (96.2, 10.7) | |
| In-hospital mortality | 2 (1.4, −6.3) bc | 6 (3.0, −7.4) de | 52 (32.9, 5.2) f | 47 (88.7, 13.5) | <0.001 |
| Survival time, days | 23 (17, 34) abc | 31 (18, 40) e | 31 (14, 44) f | 10 (6, 17) | <0.001 |
| Bleeding events | 21 (14.6, −2.4) bc | 31 (15.3, −2.8) de | 51 (32.3, 3.8) | 18 (34.0, 2.3) | <0.001 |
| Major bleeding | 0 (0, −1.2) | 0 (0, −1.5) | 4 (2.5, 3.2) | 0 (0, −0.7) | 0.021 |
| CRNMB | 6 (4.2, −0.9) | 7 (3.4, −1.8) | 14 (8.9, 2.0) | 5 (9.4, 1.2) | 0.070 |
| Bloody sputum | 2 (1.4, −0.2) | 2 (1.0, −0.9) | 5 (3.2, 1.8) | 0 (0, −1.0) | 0.378 |
| Microscopic hematuria | 12 (8.3, −2.4) bc | 21 (10.3, −2.0) de | 34 (21.5, 3.0) | 13 (24.5, 2.2) | <0.001 |
| Positive FOBT/GOBT | 1 (0.7, −0.3) | 2 (1.0, 0.2) | 1 (0.6, −0.4) | 1 (1.9, 0.8) | 0.713 |
| Thrombocytopenia | 5 (3.5, −4.3) bc | 7 (3.4, −5.5) de | 37 (23.4, 3.9) f | 30 (56.6, 9.3) | <0.001 |
Quantitative variables are expressed as medians (interquartile ranges). Categorical variables are expressed as No. (%, adjusted standardized residuals). It is considered that the difference between the actual frequency and the expected frequency of this value is statistically significant if the absolute value of the adjusted standardized residual is >2. Bonferroni correction for multiple comparison was used in the comparison of cluster analysis results. The letters “a” to “f” indicate a significant difference between two group respectively (a = cluster 1 vs. cluster 2, b = cluster 1 vs. cluster 3, c = cluster 1 vs. cluster 4, d = cluster 2 vs. cluster 3, e = cluster 2 vs. cluster 4, f = cluster 3 vs. cluster 4. PAM, partitioning around medoids; FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; CRNMB, clinically relevant non-major bleeding; FOBT, fecal occult blood test; GOBT, gastric occult blood test.