Table 2.

Select metabolic characteristics from the hyperglycemic clamps and OGTTs in youth and adults

	Youth (n = 66)	Adults (n = 350)	P
Hyperglycemic clamp parameters
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	5.99 ± 0.91	6.11 ± 0.63	0.303
Fasting glucagon (pmol/L)	7.63 ± 3.47	8.55 ± 4.47	0.063
Fasting C-peptide (nmol/L)	1.60 (0.88, 2.90)	1.15 (0.57, 2.29)	<0.001
Steady-state glucose (mmol/L)	11.6 ± 0.7	11.7 ± 0.7	0.366
Steady-state glucagon (pmol/L)	2.24 ± 1.46	2.49 ± 1.96	0.234
Steady-state C-peptide (nmol/L)	5.19 (2.50, 10.74)	3.83 (1.85, 7.96)	<0.001
Steady-state insulin (I) (pmol/L)	1,370.3 (298.6, 6,288.0)	606.2 (1,461.1, 2,514.7)	<0.001
AGR (pmol/L)	14.1 ± 5.2	16.8 ± 8.8	0.001
ACPRmax (nmol/L)	7.85 (3.70, 16.66)	4.83 (1.90, 12.25)	<0.001
M/I (×10−5 mmol/kg/min per pmol/L)	1.69 (0.37, 7.69)	3.14 (0.76, 12.94)	<0.001
ΔSteady-state glucagon − fasting glucagon (pmol/L)	−5.38 ± 3.12	−6.05 ± 3.36	0.117
Fasting C-peptide / fasting glucagon (nmol/pmol)	0.29 ± 0.30	0.18 ± 0.10	0.003
Steady-state C-peptide / steady-state glucagon (nmol/pmol)	4.23 ± 3.78	2.83 ± 2.39	0.005
ACPRmax / AGR (nmol/pmol)	0.688 ± 0.379	0.410 ± 0.590	<0.001
OGTT parameters
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	5.93 ± 0.93	6.16 ± 0.65	0.064
Fasting glucagon (pmol/L)	8.73 ± 3.70	8.55 ± 4.73	0.739
Fasting C-peptide (nmol/L)	1.64 ± 0.59	1.24 ± 0.48	<0.001
2-h glucose (mmol/L)	9.89 ± 2.46	10.17 ± 2.36	0.396
ΔGlucose 30–0 min (mmol/L)	3.47 ± 1.31	3.47 ± 1.35	0.992
ΔGlucagon 30–0 min (pmol/L)	−3.35 ± 2.94	−2.12 ± 2.92	0.003
ΔGlucagon 30–0 min / Δglucose 30–0 min (pmol/mmol)	−1.079 ± 1.041	−0.759 ± 1.472	0.036
iAUC glucose (mmol/L)	591.5 ± 235.6	614.8 ± 250.4	0.468
dAUC glucagon (pmol/L)	−950.1 ± 476.3	−803.4 ± 499.2	0.030
iAUC C-peptide (nmol/L)	856.7 ± 283.8	669.4 ± 202.6	<0.001
dAUC glucagon / iAUC glucose (pmol/mmol)	−2.04 ± 2.11	−1.54 ± 1.62	0.080
iAUC C-peptide / dAUC glucagon (nmol/pmol)	−1.23 ± 0.99	−1.19 ± 2.61	0.802

Data are means ± SD or geometric mean (95% CI) and P values for non–normally distributed data based on log-transformed values.