Table 1.
Cohort characteristics of mother-offspring pairs used in this study
| Characteristic | Control (n = 238) | GDM (n = 298) | P * |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age of the mother, years | 31.5 (5.2) | 32.5 (5.3) | 0.042 |
| BMI of the mother, kg/m2 | 25.6 (4.8) | 27.9 (6.1) | <0.001 |
| Gestation, weeks | 40.32 (1.19) | 39.60 (1.33) | <0.001 |
| Sex of the offspring | 0.3 | ||
| Male | 109 (46) | 152 (51) | |
| Female | 129 (54) | 146 (49) | |
| Birth weight, g | 3,703 (473) | 3,705 (474) | >0.9 |
| Birth weight SD score | 0.15 (1.00) | 0.38 (1.08) | 0.011 |
| Primipara (yes) | 119 (50) | 127 (43) | 0.10 |
| Previous deliveries | 1.28 (2.29) | 1.46 (2.27) | 0.4 |
| Mode of delivery (vaginal) | 198 (83) | 245 (82) | 0.8 |
| Large for gestational age ( >90th percentile)† | 24 (10) | 50 (17) | 0.032 |
| Small for gestational age ( >90th percentile)‡ | 15 (6.3) | 20 (6.7) | >0.9 |
| Maternal weight gain, kg | 15.1 (5.6) | 11.9 (5.6) | <0.001 |
| Unknown | 4 | 20 | |
| Participant’s mother had GDM in same pregnancy (yes) | 5 (2.5) | 9 (3.5) | 0.6 |
| Unknown | 37 | 44 | |
| Participant’s mother had GDM in any pregnancy (yes) | 9 (100) | 23 (100) | >0.9 |
| Unknown | 229 | 275 | |
| Mother’s father had diabetes (yes) | 30 (100) | 48 (100) | >0.9 |
| Unknown | 208 | 250 | |
| Mother’s mother had diabetes (yes) | 13 (100) | 50 (100) | >0.9 |
| Unknown | 225 | 248 | |
| Maternal socioeconomic status | 0.4 | ||
| 1 (highest) | 53 (28) | 65 (26) | |
| 2 | 73 (39) | 112 (45) | |
| 3 | 13 (7.0) | 22 (8.8) | |
| 4 | 47 (25) | 50 (20) | |
| Unknown | 52 | 49 | |
| Maternal education | 0.027 | ||
| 1 (basic) | 2 (0.9) | 11 (3.9) | |
| 2 (secondary) | 81 (37) | 127 (45) | |
| 3 (lower-level tertiary) | 71 (33) | 77 (28) | |
| 4 (upper-level tertiary) | 64 (29) | 65 (23) | |
| Unknown | 20 | 18 |
Data presented as mean (SD) or n (%).
*
Welch two-sample Student t test or Fisher exact test.
†
> +2 SD (40).