Table 2.
Effect of medication interventions in youth on select metabolic characteristics from the hyperglycemic clamp and OGTT
| G/M | MET | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n = 44) | 12 months (n = 40) | 15 months (n = 41) | Baseline (n = 47) | 12 months (n = 39) | 15 months (n = 40) | ||
| Anthropometric parameters | |||||||
| Weight (kg) | 102.0 ± 25.7 | 106.0 ± 28.2@ | 107.8 ± 28.1*# | 97.7 ± 23.3 | 99.6 ± 23.7 | 99.6 ± 20.2*# | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 36.5 ± 6.4 | 37.0 ± 7.3 | 37.7 ± 7.2*# | 36.9 ± 6.4 | 36.7 ± 7.0 | 37.1 ± 6.4# | |
| Hyperglycemic clamp parameters | |||||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.97 ± 0.75 | 6.06 ± 1.69 | 6.48 ± 1.65*# | 6.11 ± 1.10 | 5.94 ± 1.36 | 6.10 ± 1.06# | |
| Fasting glucagon (pmol/L) | 7.88 ± 3.34 | 7.79 ± 3.69 | 7.51 ± 3.82 | 8.55 ± 4.84 | 8.44 ± 6.02 | 9.95 ± 8.79# | |
| Fasting C-peptide (nmol/L) | 1.54 (0.80, 2.97) | 1.22 (0.44, 3.41)@ | 1.34 (0.58, 3.07)* | 1.74 (0.96, 3.14) | 1.45 (0.68, 3.08)@ | 1.57 (0.90, 2.77)*# | |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 211.1 (54.8, 813.5) | 160.4 (45.9, 560.3)@ | 178.7 (44.1, 724.2)* | 247.4 (74.1, 825.4) | 195.9 (42.8, 895.9)@ | 228.0 (72.6, 716.0) | |
| Steady-state glucose (mmol/L) | 11.5 ± 0.6 | 11.6 ± 0.7 | 11.5 ± 0.6 | 11.6 ± 0.8 | 11.5 ± 0.6 | 11.5 ± 0.6 | |
| Steady-state glucagon (pmol/L) | 2.53 ± 1.67 | 2.33 ± 1.89 | 2.73 ± 2.85 | 2.72 ± 2.48 | 2.48 ± 2.35 | 3.27 ± 3.42# | |
| Steady-state C-peptide (nmol/L) | 5.22 (2.44, 11.15) | 4.37 (1.75, 10.94)@ | 4.18 (1.74, 10.08)* | 5.09 (2.32, 11.19) | 4.71 (2.02, 10.98)@ | 4.96 (2.33, 10.54)* | |
| AGR (pmol/L) | 14.3 ± 5.2 | 14.0 ± 7.9 | 13.9 ± 8.4 | 15.2 ± 7.9 | 15.4 ± 7.6 | 15.7 ± 9.5# | |
| ACPRmax (nmol/L) | 7.29 (3.29, 16.16) | 5.79 (2.49, 13.46)@ | 5.95 (2.17, 16.37)* | 8.12 (3.42, 19.26) | 6.97 (3.09, 15.73)@ | 7.16 (3.14, 16.31)* | |
| M/I (×10−5 mmol/kg/min per pmol/L) | 1.60 (0.35, 7.38) | 1.93 (0.30, 12.50) | 1.70 (0.25, 11.54) | 1.54 (0.35, 6.76) | 1.52 (0.16, 14.62) | 1.52 (0.29, 7.97) | |
| OGTT parameters | |||||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.96 ± 0.78 | 5.92 ± 1.11 | 6.52 ± 1.87*# | 6.06 ± 1.09 | 5.98 ± 1.34 | 6.13 ± 1.13# | |
| Fasting glucagon (pmol/L) | 9.39 ± 3.91 | 8.41 ± 4.33 | 8.76 ± 5.84 | 9.52 ± 6.23 | 9.62 ± 5.11 | 10.82 ± 7.34# | |
| Fasting C-peptide (nmol/L) | 1.611 ± 0.662 | 1.372 ± 0.526@ | 1.445 ± 0.604* | 1.805 ± 0.541 | 1.595 ± 0.587@ | 1.740 ± 0.587# | |
| iAUC glucose (mmol/L) | 633.9 ± 233.9 | 577.5 ± 250.2@ | 579.8 ± 298.6 | 620.5 ± 248.5 | 679.3 ± 315.6 | 662.3 ± 312.3 | |
| dAUC glucagon (pmol/L) | −1021.9 ± 460.5 | −854.0 ± 546.5 | −821.0 ± 532.9 | −892.3 ± 603.4 | −957.2 ± 627.9 | −1117.3 ± 832.0 | |
| iAUC C-peptide (nmol/L) | 524.2 ± 178.4 | 451.8 ± 185.1@ | 422.0 ± 215.4* | 558.3 ± 273.4 | 545.0 ± 247.4 | 527.6 ± 250.7# | |
There were no differences between treatments at 12 months. Data are mean ± SD for normally distributed and geometric means (95% CIs) for non–normally distributed data; for the latter, P values from the log-transformed data are presented.
@
P < 0.05 12 months vs. baseline;
*
P < 0.05 15 months vs. baseline;
#
P < 0.05 15 months vs. 12 months.