Figure 2.

Pathways of anaerobic tubule ATP production. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate undergoes anaerobic fermentation and generates lactate and only two ATPs. A limited amount of ATP can also be generated anaerobically during TCA cycle substrate level phosphorylation. ADP, adenosine diphosphate; αKG, α-ketoglutarate; ASP, aspartate; CoA, Coenzyme A; FADH₂, reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide; FUM, fumarate; GDP, guanosine diphosphate; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; MAL, malate; NADH, reduced NAD; OAA, oxaloacetate; Pi, inorganic phosphate; SUCC, succinate; TCA, tricarboxylic acid.