Figure 3.

Mitochondrial energy transduction. NADH and FADH₂ deliver electrons to the electron transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane where they are progressively transferred to oxygen. Hydrogen ions are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix to generate an electrochemical potential, which powers the F1F0-ATPAse on the inner mitochondrial membrane to drive phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. ADP, adenosine diphosphate; FADH₂, reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide; IMM, inner mitochondrial membrane; NADH, reduced NAD; TCA, tricarboxylic acid. Adapted from ref. (17).