Table 3.

The main and/or interactive effects (ANOVA/MANOVA) of cadmium (Cd) and chokeberry extract (ChE) on the enzymatic antioxidative barrier and the concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the sublingual salivary gland of female rats^1,2.

Parameter	Duration (months)	1 mg Cd/kg diet+ChE				5 mg Cd/kg diet+ChE
		Cd main effect	ChE main effect	Cd+ChE main effect	Possible character of Cd-ChE interaction	Cd main effect	ChE main effect	Cd+ChE main effect	Possible character of Cd-ChE interaction
SOD	3	—	—	—	—	NS	NS	5.064∗	Additive action 0 = 0 + 0
	10	NS	19.56‡	25.11‡	Antagonistic action 0 vs. –453 + 0 0 vs. –45	NS	NS	7.536∗	Antagonistic action 0 vs. –14 + 0 0 vs. –14
CAT	3	5.879∗	NS	NS	No interaction	6.620	NS	NS	No interaction
	10	—	—	—	—	13.37†	9.632†	20.44‡	Antagonistic action 0 vs. –63 + 0 0 vs. –63
GPx	3	6.472∗	NS	8.625†	Antagonistic action 0 vs. –52 + 0 0 vs. –52	NS	NS	6.218∗	Antagonistic action 0 vs. –42 + 0 0 vs. –42
	10	NS	NS	6.704∗	Antagonistic action 0 vs. –38 + 0 0 vs. –38	4.003∗	6.347†	22.72‡	Antagonistic action 0 vs. –59 + 0 0 vs. –59
GSH	3	—	—	—	—	NS	5.199∗	NS	No interaction
	10	NS	5.665∗	NS	No interaction	8.276†	NS	NS	No interaction

¹The results are presented as F values and the level of statistical significance (p). F values having p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant (^∗p < 0.05, ^†p < 0.01, and ^‡p < 0.001). NS—p > 0.05.²To estimate the possible character of Cd-ChE interaction, the effect noted at coadministration of cadmium and ChE was compared to the sum of the effects of cadmium and ChE action after their separate administration (Cd+ChE versus Cd effect+ChE effect). ³The values are percentage changes. GPx: glutathione peroxidase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase.