Table 1.

The details and settings of the Envi-Met models.

Software and version	Envi-Met 4.4
Type of modelling	3D
Computation domain	22.5 × 22.5 × 20 m
Basic cell size	0.75 × 0.5 × 0.75 m (dx, dy, dz)
Mesh growth rate	20% on the vertical direction
Total number of cells	20,250
Simulated building size	4.5 × 4.5 × 4.5 m
Number of simulated models	Two models; with and without greening
Wall assembly	Generic wall construction (d = 410 mm)
Living wall area	4.5 × 3 m
Living wall thickness	Plants thickness: 30 cm Depth of substrate container: 25 cm Air gap behind substrate container: 5 cm
Living wall orientation	South
Substrate containers details	Backside: rigid 12 mm polyethylene (PE) plate Substrate: a mixture of expanded clay aggregate (66.6%) and biochar (33.3%) Front side: flexible cotton-based textile (neglected in the model)
Plants	Albedo: 0.3 Transmittance index: 0.2 Leaf angle distribution: 0.25 Leaf area density: 6 m2/m3 Leaf area density profile: in summer months 50% higher than in winter months
Simulation site	Mannheim, Germany, 49°29′16″N–08°27′58″E
Weather data	Test reference year (TRY) from the German weather service (DWD)
Lateral boundaries setup	Full forcing; 30 min time steps at inflow
Indoor conditions	Variable (depending on outdoor conditions)
Simulation time step	2 s at the initialization 1 s throughout the rest of the simulation time
Simulation time span	1 year; hourly data output
Turbulence model	E-epsilon 1.5 order turbulence closure