Figure 3.

Plasma and serum IL-1Ra measured in four independent cohorts. IL-1Ra is upregulated in patients with PDAC and PDAC-DM compared to those with T2DM, regardless of DM duration (a, b). Upregulation of IL-1Ra is observed up to 12 months prior to diagnosis as shown in pre-diagnostic training and validation serum samples (c). The median and interquartile range are shown for each group. p-values were calculated using the Mann–Whitney U test, adjusted for multiple comparisons with the Holm-Bonferroni method. PDAC, Pancreatic cancer; PDAC-DM, pancreatic cancer-related diabetes; LSDM, long-standing diabetes mellitus; NOD, new-onset diabetes mellitus; HC, healthy controls.