Table 3.
Candidate biomarkers evaluated by immunoassays in training and/or validation sample sets.
| P value (Set 2) |
P value (Set 3) | Δ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protein | PDAC v PDAC-DM | PDAC-DM v LSDM | PDAC-DM v NOD | |
| Adiponectin§† | ns | 0.001 | 0.001 | Up |
| Adrenomedullin§‡ | ns | 0.004 | nd | Up |
| Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin§† | ns | 0.01 | nd | Up |
| Apo-A1† | 0.02 | ns* | nd | Up |
| Chemerin§‡ | ns | ns* | nd | - |
| Clusterin† | ns | 0.01 | nd | Down |
| C-Peptide† | 0.05 | 0.0002 | 0.009 | Up |
| Ghrelin† | ns | 0.04 | <0.0001 | Down |
| GIP† | ns | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | Down |
| GLP-1† | ns | 0.002 | ns | Down |
| Glucagon† | ns | 0.01 | ns | Down |
| IFN-G‡ | ns | 0.02 | ns* | Up |
| IL-1Ra‡ | ns | 0.03 | <0.0001 | Up |
| IL-4‡ | ns | 0.008 | 0.0002 | Up |
| IL-6‡ | ns | 0.004 | 0.03 | Up |
| IL-7‡ | ns | 0.03 | nd | Up |
| IL-8‡ | ns | <0.0001 | 0.007 | Up |
| IL-9‡ | ns | 0.0005 | 0.03 | Up |
| IL-12‡ | ns | 0.03 | 0.03 | Up |
| Insulin† | 0.002 | <0.0001 | ns* | Down |
| Leptin§† | ns | 0.0002 | ns* | Down |
| MIP-1A‡ | ns | 0.009 | ns* | Up |
| MIP-1B‡ | ns | <0.0001 | 0.002 | Up |
| PAI-1† | ns | 0.01 | ns | Up |
| PDGF-BB‡ | ns | 0.02 | 0.02 | Up |
| RANTES | ns | nd | 0.001 | Up |
| SPARC† | ns | ns | nd | - |
| Transferrin† | ns | ns | nd | - |
| TSP-1 | 0.04 | 0.01 | ns* | Down |
| VWF† | ns | <0.0001 | nd | Up |
PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PDAC-DM, pancreatic cancer-associated diabetes; DM, long-standing diabetes (>3yr post-diagnosis of DM); NOD, new-onset diabetes (<3yr post-diagnosis of DM); Δ = the direction of change in analyte concentration from diabetes (LSDM or NOD) to PDAC, § = measured in both serum and plasma, † = data shown are from serum, ‡ data shown are from plasma, ns = non-significant, *denotes that significance was not established for the comparison shown, however, was established for the following comparison: PDAC vs DM p<0.05, nd = not determined, ns = not significant (p>0.05). p-values calculated using the Mann-Whitney U test.