Table 1.
Patients’ baseline characteristics before and after propensity-score matching.
| Propensity Score Matching, No (%) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before |
After |
|||||||
| Characteristics | Surgery | Rehabilitation | P value | SMD | Surgery | Rehabilitation | P value | SMD |
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||||||
| No. of patients | 168 | 257 | 168 | 168 | ||||
| Age | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 35.8 (14.8) | 39.6(14.5) | 0.010 | 0.255 | 35.8 (14.8) | 38.1 (14.6) | 0.16 | 0.155 |
| Median(range) | 36.5 (5.0,69.0) | 43.0(4.0,76.0) | 36.5 (5.0,69.0) | 39.5 (4.0,65.0) | ||||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 26 (15.5) | 43 (16.7) | 0.84 | 0.034 | 26 (15.5) | 28 (16.7) | 0.88 | 0.032 |
| Male | 142 (84.5) | 214 (83.3) | 142 (84.5) | 140 (83.3) | ||||
| Education | ||||||||
| Junior high or below | 44 (26.2) | 101 (39.3) | 0.0073 | 0.282 | 44 (26.2) | 47 (28.0) | 0.81 | 0.040 |
| High school and above | 124 (73.8) | 156 (60.7) | 124 (73.8) | 121 (72.0) | ||||
| BMI—-mean (SD) | 23.4 (2.5) | 23.7 (3.5) | 0.25 | 0.118 | 23.4 (2.5) | 23.7 (3.4) | 0.33 | 0.105 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 35 (20.8) | 60 (23.3) | 0.63 | 0.061 | 35 (20.8) | 34 (20.2) | 1.0 | 0.015 |
| Hypertension | 69 (41.1) | 114 (44.4) | 0.57 | 0.066 | 69 (41.1) | 77 (45.8) | 0.44 | 0.096 |
| Smoking habit | 37 (22.0) | 66 (25.7) | 0.46 | 0.086 | 37 (22.0) | 37 (22.0) | 1.00 | <0.001 |
| Disease Characteristics | ||||||||
| Paralyzed side | ||||||||
| Left | 94 (56.0) | 132 (51.4) | 0.41 | 0.092 | 94 (56.0) | 89 (53.0) | 0.66 | 0.060 |
| Right | 74 (44.0) | 125 (48.6) | 74 (44.0) | 79 (47.0) | ||||
| Cause of injury | ||||||||
| Stroke | <.0001 | 0.490 | 0.057 | 0.335 | ||||
| Hemorrhagic | 63 (37.5) | 136 (52.9) | 63(37.5) | 82(48.8) | ||||
| Ischemic | 39 (23.2) | 72 (28.0) | 39(23.2) | 40(23.8) | ||||
| Cerebral palsy | 27 (16.1) | 24 (9.3) | 27(16.1) | 23(13.7) | ||||
| Traumatic brain injury | 32 (19.0) | 24 (9.3) | 32(19.0) | 22(13.1) | ||||
| Encephalitis | 7 (4.2) | 1 (0.4) | 7(4.2) | 1(0.6) | ||||
| Duration of disease | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 7.1 (7.1) | 6.4 (6.6) | 0.31 | 0.099 | 7.1 (7.1) | 6.9 (7.4) | 0.80 | 0.028 |
| Median(range) | 5.0 (1.0,38.0) | 4.0 (1.0,33.0) | 5.0 (1.0,38.0) | 4.0(1.0,33.0) | ||||
| Baseline UEFM a score | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 24.8 (12.6) | 24.5 (12.2) | 0.81 | 0.024 | 24.8(12.6) | 24.5 (12.8) | 0.81 | 0.026 |
| Median(range) | 24.0 (4.0,59.0) | 23.0 (3.0,60.0) | 24.0(4.0,59.0) | 23.0 (3.0,60.0) | ||||
| Baseline MAS b score— Mean(SD) | ||||||||
| Elbow | 2.12 (0.79) | 2.13 (0.77) | 0.90 | 0.012 | 2.12 (0.79) | 2.17 (0.80) | 0.58 | 0.060 |
| Forearm rotation | 2.30 (0.76) | 2.39 (0.80) | 0.28 | 0.109 | 2.30 (0.76) | 2.38 (0.81) | 0.37 | 0.098 |
| Wrist | 2.42 (0.84) | 2.40 (0.91) | 0.89 | 0.014 | 2.42 (0.84) | 2.46 (0.93) | 0.62 | 0.054 |
| Thumb | 2.49 (0.88) | 2.33 (0.94) | 0.066 | 0.184 | 2.49 (0.88) | 2.45 (0.93) | 0.63 | 0.053 |
| Fingers 2–5 | 2.19 (0.92) | 2.33 (0.98) | 0.14 | 0.148 | 2.19 (0.92) | 2.25 (1.02) | 0.57 | 0.061 |
| Baseline Range of motion—degree c | ||||||||
| Elbow | 77.95 (30.79) | 70.80 (30.76) | 0.021 | 0.232 | 77.95(30.79) | 72.77 (33.06) | 0.14 | 0.16 |
| Forearm rotation | 39.26 (27.25) | 31.74 (21.81) | 0.0021 | 0.305 | 39.26(27.25) | 34.23 (22.12) | 0.064 | 0.20 |
| Wrist | 54.76 (23.96) | 47.45 (30.12) | 0.0091 | 0.269 | 54.76(23.96) | 50.82 (31.33) | 0.20 | 0.14 |
| Center | ||||||||
| Huashan | 132 (78.6) | 194 (75.5) | 0.54 | 0.073 | 132(78.6) | 129(76.8) | 0.79 | 0.043 |
| Other | 36 (21.4) | 63 (24.5) | 36(21.4) | 39(23.2) | ||||
All the characteristics listed here were involved as covariates for matching. BMI: body mass index. SMD: standardized mean difference.
a
UEFM: The Upper-Extremity Fugl-Meyer scale, a measure of motor impairment; scores range from 0 to 66, with higher scores indicating better function.
b
MAS: The Modified Ashworth Scale is a measure of spasticity (muscle tone) in the paralyzed arm; Scores range from 0 to 5 at each of five joints, with higher scores indicating more severe spasticity.
c
Range of motion measures the range through which a joint can be actively moved.