Table 1.
Synthesis of green ZrO2 nanoparticles using plants
| Plant extract and zirconium inputs | Complexation step | Calcination step | Refs. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plant species | Plant tissue | Zr source | Zr/extract ratio (v/v) | Temperature | Time | Temperature | Time | |
| Euclea natalensis | Roots | ZrOCl2 | 1:1 | Not reported | 3 h | 550 °C | 3 h | Silva et al. (2019) |
| Aloe vera | Leaves | ZrOCl2 | Not reported | Room | 4 h | 500 °C | Not reported | Gowri et al. (2014) |
| Salvia rosmarinus | Leaves | ZrOCl2 | 1:4 | 70 °C | 1 h | 600 °C | 2 h | Davar et al. (2018) |
| Sapindus mukorossi | Pericarp | ZrOCl2 | 1:1 | 60 °C | 3–4 h | 500–700 °C | Not reported | Alagarsamy et al. (2022) |
| Wrightia tinctoria | Leaves | ZrOCl2 | 1:1 | 75 °C | 3–4 h | 800 °C | Not reported | Al-Zaqri et al. (2021) |
| Ficus benghalensis | Leaves | ZrOCl2 | 1:1 | Microwave | 15 min | 500 °C | 3 h | Shinde et al. (2018) |
| Moringa oleifera | Leaves | ZrOCl2 | 1:1 | 60 °C | 3–4 h | 700–800 °C | Not reported | Annu et al. (2020) |
| Helianthus annuus | Seeds | ZrOCl2 | 1:5 | Not reported | 2–3 h | 600 °C | 4 h | Goyal et al. (2021) |
| Tinospora cordifolia | Leaves | ZrOCl2 | 10:1 | 55 °C | 40 min | Not reported | Not reported | Joshi et al. (2021) |
| Nephelium lappaceum | Fruit | Zr(NO3)4 | 7:1 | 180 °C | 18 h | 500 °C | 4 h | Isacfranklin et al. (2020) |
| Nyctanthes arbor-tristis | Flower | ZrOCl2 | 2:1 | Not reported | 2 h | 300–500 °C | 3 h | Gowri et al. (2015) |