Table 3.
Biomedical applications of green ZrO2 nanoparticles
| Green material | Species | Type of activity | Target | Main findings | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plant | Nyctanthes arbor-tristis | Antibacterial | Gram negative (E. coli), Gram positive (S. aureus) | Zones of inhibition against E. coli (17 mm), and S. aureus (15 mm) for ZrO2 NPs, and those against E. coli (30 mm), and S. aureus (22 mm) for ZrO2-treated cotton fabric | Gowri et al. (2015) |
| Fungus | Penicillium | Antibacterial | Gram negative (E. coli, P. aeruginosa) and Gram positive (S. aureus) | Minimum inhibitory concentrations for E. coli (0.75 mM), P. aeruginosa (0.375 mM), but not found for S. aureus | Ghomi et al. (2019) |
| Plant | Wrightia tinctoria | Antibacterial | Gram negative (E. coli, P. aeruginosa) and Gram positive (S. aureus, B. subtilis) | Zones of inhibition observed against E. coli (22 ± 0.5 mm), P. aeruginosa (21 ± 0.3 mm), S. aureus (21 ± 0.4 mm), and B. subtilis (20 ± 0.2 mm) at a ZrO2 concentration of 10 μg/mL | Al-Zaqri et al. (2021) |
| Strong antibacterial may be due to the flavonoids, protein, tannins, alkaloids, amino acids and carbohydrates present in the leaf extract | |||||
| Plant | Moringa oleifera | Antibacterial | Gram negative (E. coli, P. aeruginosa) and Gram positive (S. aureus, B. subtilis) | Zone of inhibition against E. coli (4 mm), P. aeruginosa (10 mm), S. aureus (not observed), and B. subtilis (9 mm) at a concentration of 20 mg | Annu et al. (2020) |
| Plant | Helianthus annuus | Antibacterial | Gram negative (E. coli, P. aeruginosa) and Gram positive (S. aureus, K. pneumonie) | Zone of inhibition against E. coli (13 mm), P. aeruginosa (13.5 mm), S. aureus (12.0 mm), and K. pneumonie (12.5 mm) at a ZrO2 concentration of 100 μg/mL | Goyal et al. (2021) |
| Alga | Sargassum wightii | Antibacterial | Gram negative (E. coli, S. typhi) and Gram positive (B. subtilis) | Zone of inhibition (mm) against E. coli (19 mm), S. typhi (19 mm) and B. subtilis (21 mm) at a ZrO2 concentration of 15 μg/mL | Kumaresan et al. (2018) |
| Plant | Enterobacter sp. | Antifungal | Bayberry twig blight pathogen P. versicolor | Wide antifungal inhibition zone (25.18 ± 1.52 mm) against P. versicolor disease at 20 μg mL−1 zirconia nanoparticles | Ahmed et al. (2021) |
| Plant | Laurus nobilis | Antibacterial, antifungal | Gram negative (K. pneumonia, E. coli), Gram positive (B. subtilis, S. aureus), and fungi strain (A. niger) | Zone of inhibition (mm) against B. subtilis (14 mm), S. aureus (13 mm), K. pneumonia (15 mm), E. coli (14 mm), and A. niger (15 mm) | Chau et al. (2021) |
| Plant | Tinospora cordifolia | Antibacterial, antifungal | Gram negative (P. aeruginosa, E. coli, A. fumigatus), Gram positive (B. subtilis, S. mutans), and fungi strain (A. niger) | Zone of inhibition against P. aeruginosa (32 mm), E. coli (34 mm), A. fumigatus (34 mm), B. subtilis (36 mm), S. mutans (28 mm), and A. niger (32 mm) | Joshi et al. (2021) |
| Plant | Nephelium lappaceum | Anticancer | Human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) | Half-maximum inhibitory concentration of 55.32 μg mL−1 | Isacfranklin et al. (2020) |
| Plant | Lagerstroemia speciosa | Anticancer | Breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) | The cells viability with 18% inhibition was observed at 500 μg/mL of zirconia nanoparticles | Saraswathi and Santhakumar (2017) |
| Nearly 30–40% of the cells showed blebbing |