Table 1.
Risk of depression – cross sectional studies N = 16.
| Author | Cancer Types population | Study design | Assessment | Study quality | Risk of depression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bektas et al. [3] | Gastrointestinal (n = 335) |
Cross sectional | HADS | moderate | female gender (p = .004) lower educational level (p = .003) single (p = .04) metastasis (p < .001) disease awareness (p = .006) |
| Bouras et al. [4] | Oesophageal-gastric (n = 1029) |
Cohort cross sectional After 2 years |
Chart based | High | younger age (OR=0.97) complications (OR=2.4; p < .001) psychiatric history (OR=6.7; p < .001) postoperative symptoms (OR=1.8; p = .008) |
| Chambers et al. [9] | Prostate (n = 189) |
Cohort study 4 months after diagnosis |
HADS QoL |
Moderate | younger age (β=−0.22; p < .05) urinary bother (β=−0.23; p < .01) bowel bother (β=0.20; p < .05) masculine self-esteem (β=−0.35; p < .001) |
| Choi and Park [13] | Mixed survivors (n = 1163) |
Cross sectional | Single item question | Moderate | female gender (OR=2.1) low monthly income (OR=1.8) smoking (OR=1.7) poor subjective health status (OR=3.6) chronic disease (OR=1.7) |
| Han et al. [21] | Esophageal (n = 330) |
Cohort Study (1–5 years after diagnosis) |
CES-D | High | hopelessness (β=0.97; p < .001) caregiver depression (β=0.46; p < .001) caregiver hopelessness (β=0.39; p < .001) stage of cancer (β=0.86; p = .03) disease awareness (β=0.77; p = .006) |
| Hartung et al. [23] | Mixed (n = 4020) |
14 months after diagnosis | PHQ | High | middle aged (p < .001) unemployed (p < .001) single patients (p < .001) patients in cancer rehabilitation (p < .001) chemotherapy (p < .001) metastasis and/or stage IV cancer (p < .001) ******* higher depression than general population (OR=5.4) highest prevalence: brain, thyroid, pancreas cancer |
| Hassan et al. [24] | Breast (n = 205) |
Cohort study | HADS | High | being single (OR=3.7; p = .01) lower financial status (OR=2.8; p < .001) |
| Hong and Tian [25] | Mixed (n = 1217) |
Two week after diagnosis | HADS | High | lower performance status (β=2.06; p < .001) pain (β=1.33; p < .001). age (β=0.07; p < .001) lower education (β=−0.814; p < .001) |
| Ladaninejad et al. [30] | Mixed (n = 200) |
Cross-sectional | GDS | Moderate | being widowed (p = .025) less contact with relatives (p = .05) lower income (p = .021) comorbidities (respiratory, diabetes) (p = .040 −0.044) pain (p = .001) cancer type (colon) (p = .007) |
| Lee et al. [33] | Head and neck (n = 113) Lung (n = 104) |
Cross sectional | MINI | Moderate |
Head & neck history of self-harm (OR=11.91; p = .020) lower education (OR=1.29; p = .002) Lung adverse life events (OR=2.78; p = .001) pre-existing anxiety (OR=1.18; p = .01) |
| Lima et al. [35] | Mixed (n = 1385) |
Cross sectional | SCID | Moderate | female gender (p < .001) previous psychiatric history (p < .001) previous psychological care (p = .004) |
| Rieke et al. [46] | Head and neck (n = 3533) |
Cross sectional | Medicare chart (ICD-9) | High | female gender (OR=1.6; p < .001) higher age (OR=1.5; p = .012) RT treatment (OR=1.9; p < .001) distant cancer stage (OR=1.7; p = .032) |
| Shahedah et al. [51] | Lung (n = 103) |
Cross-sectional | CES-D | Moderate | being single (η2=0.14; p = .001) lower physical functioning (η2=0.24; p = .001) reduced religiosity (η2=0.07; p = .023) |
| Tojal and Costa [55] | Breast (n = 150) |
Cohort study | BDI, Mini mental |
High | helplessness/hopelessness (β=0.30; p = .005) anxious preoccupation (β=0.37; p < .001) fighting spirit (β=−0.17; p = .052) cognitive avoidance (β=0.15; p = .04) |
| Walker et al. [57] | Mixed (n = 21,151) |
Cohort study | HADS SCID |
High | younger age (OR=1.03–1.3) female gender (OR=1.4–1.5) first year after diagnosis (OR=1.5) social deprivation (OR=2.2–11.0) **** 73% of depressed patients without psych. treatment |
| Wu et al. [59] | Lung (n = 194) |
Cohort Study After Diagnosis |
SDS GHQ |
Moderate | higher age (p = .04) female gender (p = .002) being single (p < .001) being religious (p = .041) |
HADS=Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; QoL=Quality of Life; PHQ=Patient Health Questionnaire; GDS=Geriatric depression scale;.