Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants according to different kidney failure status during follow-up
| Variable | Whole cohort | Non-progressors | Progressors | p value (non-progressors vs progressors) | p value after adjusting for age and sex |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 4085 | 3521 | 564 | ||
| Age, year | 54.3 ± 12.6 | 53.7 ± 12.6 | 58.0 ± 12.3 | <0.001 | |
| Male, % | 45.4 | 45.2 | 46.6 | 0.544 | |
| Age at diagnosis, years | 48.2 ± 12.3 | 48.0 ± 12.3 | 50.0 ± 12.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Young age at diagnosis (<40 years), % | 75.1 | 74.1 | 81.0 | 0.001 | 0.017 |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 6.0 ± 6.1 | 5.7 ± 5.9 | 8.0 ± 6.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker, % | 14.7 | 14.2 | 17.4 | 0.016 | 0.032 |
| Ever smoked, % | 29.4 | 28.7 | 33.7 | 0.054 | 0.024 |
| Current drinker, % | 10.2 | 10.5 | 8.2 | 0.115 | 0.107 |
| Ever drinker, % | 21.2 | 20.9 | 22.9 | 0.324 | 0.530 |
| SBP, mmHg | 132.3 ± 19.3 | 131.1 ± 18.9 | 140.1 ± 20.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 76.0 ± 10.6 | 75.7 ± 10.4 | 77.6 ± 11.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.3 ± 4.1 | 25.3 ± 4.1 | 25.3 ± 4.1 | 0.962 | 0.341 |
| HbA1c, mmol | 59.7 ± 19.7 | 58.4 ± 18.8 | 67.5 ± 23.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.6 ± 1.8 | 7.5 ± 1.7 | 8.3 ± 2.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| FPG, mmol/l | 8.6 ± 3.3 | 8.5 ± 3.1 | 9.6 ± 4.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 5.2 ± 1.1 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 5.4 ± 1.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/l | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 0.253 | 0.050 |
| Non-HDL, mmol/l | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 4.0 ± 1.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mmol/l | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 3.2 ± 1.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Triacylglycerol, mmol/l | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 1.5 (1.0–2.1) | <0.001a | <0.001a |
| Urinary ACR, mg/mmol | 1.6 (0.7–5.6) | 1.4 (0.7–4.1) | 7.5 (1.9–44.5) | <0.001a | <0.001a |
| eGFR, ml min−1 [1.73 m]−2 | 90.7 ± 16.8 | 91.8 ± 16.5 | 84.0 ± 17.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Erythrocyte count, ×1012/l | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 0.001 | 0.012 |
| Haemoglobin, g/l | 13.9 ± 1.5 | 14.0 ± 1.5 | 13.7 ± 1.5 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| WBC, ×109/l | 7.2 ± 2.8 | 7.2 ± 2.9 | 7.5 ± 2.0 | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Diagnosed comorbidity | |||||
| Retinopathy, % | 23.0 | 20.1 | 41.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Neuropathy, % | 16.7 | 14.7 | 29.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Microalbuminuria, % | 25.8 | 24.2 | 35.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Macroalbuminuria, % | 9.8 | 6.5 | 30.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Use of medications | |||||
| Lipid-lowering drugs, % | 15.4 | 15.7 | 13.7 | 0.240 | 0.029 |
| Antihypertensive drugs, % | 38.6 | 36.5 | 51.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Oral glucose-lowering drugs, % | 67.4 | 66.8 | 70.7 | 0.073 | 0.415 |
| Insulin, % | 13.1 | 11.9 | 20.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| RAS inhibitors (ACEIs or ARBs), % | 17.1 | 15.3 | 28.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| rLTL_NTC, ∆∆Ct | 4.6 ± 1.2 | 4.7 ± 1.2 | 4.2 ± 1.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| rLTL_QC, ∆∆Ct | −0.1 ± 1.0 | 0.0 ± 1.0 | −0.4 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD, median (Q1–Q3) or as a proportion (%)
All comparisons were adjusted for the differences of age and sex by using either general linear model for continuous data or logistic regression model for categorical data
aLogarithmic transformation was used in triacylglycerols and ACR
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; DBP, diastolic BP; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C, HDL-cholesterol; LDL-C, LDL-cholesterol; LTL_NTC, rLTL calculated by water; Non-HDL, non-HDL-cholesterol; RAS, renin–angiotensin system; SBP, systolic BP; WBC, white blood cell count