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. 2021 Nov 10;227(1):145–158. doi: 10.1007/s00429-021-02395-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Ventricular enlargement continued for 6 months after lateral fluid-percussion injury. A T2-weighted image pair shows ventricular enlargement at rostral (− 0.9 mm from bregma) and caudal (− 3.8 mm from bregma) levels. Cerebrospinal fluid is seen as a bright signal (arrow). Top row: a representative sham-operated experimental control. Mid row: a rat with TBI imaged at 1-month post-injury. Note that a unilateral impact force induced a bilateral ventricular enlargement. Bottom row: the same rat imaged at 6-month post-injury (contralateral ventricle volume > 25 mm³). Contralateral ventricle volume (red arrowhead) was used as a measure of post-traumatic hydrocephalus severity. B Threefold-to-tenfold enlargement of the contralateral ventricle occurred in 17/20 rats with TBI. Only 3/20 rats with lateral FPI had ventricle volumes corresponding to that in sham-operated experimental controls (3.1 ± 0.4 mm³ at 1 month, 3.3 ± 0.4 mm³ at 3 months, 3.5 ± 0.4 mm³ at 6 months). Ventricle enlargement was observed also in the lateral horn of the lateral ventricle (white arrow) and in the 3rd ventricle (open arrowhead)