Table 2.
Questionnaire with median answers and interquartile ranges on the Likert scale, as well as percentage of positive responses (rating of 4 or 5)
| Question | All (n = 158) | Medical students (n = 57) | Resident surgeons (n = 35) | Attending surgeons (n = 13) | Nurse (n = 53) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Medical education background? | Student | Resident | Attending | Nurse | ||
| 2. Was the VR environment pleasant? |
4 (4–5) 89.9% |
4 (4–5) 91.2% |
4 (4–5) 85.7% |
4 (4–5) 76.9% |
4 (4–5) 94.3% |
0.946 |
| 3. Is the assessment of complex cases better with VR than with standard display? |
5 (4–5) 94.3% |
5 (4–5) 91.2% |
5 (4–5) 85.7% |
4 (4–5) 100% |
5 (4–5) 94.3% |
0.18 |
| 4. Is the assessment of complex cases faster? |
4 (4–5) 84.8% |
4 (4–5) 86.0% |
4 (4–5) 80.0% |
4 (4–5) 76.9% |
5 (4–5) 88.7% |
0.21 |
| 5. How highly do you rate the potential for medical student training? |
4 (4–5) 87.3% |
4 (4–5) 84.2% |
4 (3–5) 85.7% |
4 (3–5) 76.9% |
4 (4–5) 94.3% |
0.75 |
| 6. How highly do you rate the potential for resident training? |
4 (4–5) 84.6% |
4 (4–5) 85.7% |
4 (4–5) 76.5% |
4 (4–5) 69.2% |
4 (4–5) 92.5% |
0.711 |
| 7. How highly do you rate the potential for clinical use? |
4 (4–5) 80.3% |
4 (4–5) 87.7% |
4 (4–5) 64.7% |
4 (3–5) 69.2% |
5 (4–5) 84.9% |
0.0351 |
| 8. How highly do you rate the potential for nurse training? |
4 (3–5) 54.8% |
3 (2–4) 31.6% |
3.5 (3–4.75) 50.0% |
3 (2–4) 38.5% |
5 (4–5) 86.8% |
< 0.0012 |
| 9. How many years until daily clinical use? (years) | 4.76 | 5.39 | 4.26 | 5.46 | 4.28 | 0.043 |
| 10. Free comments | Various (see results) | |||||
Significant p values in bold
1The difference in answers between nurses and medical students (p = 0.02), as well as nurses and residents (p = 0.016), were significant; 2The difference in answers between nurses and medical students (p < 0.001), nurses and residents (p = 0.001), and nurses and attendings (p = 0.001) were significant; 3The difference in answers between nurses and medical students (p = 0.003) was significant