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. 2021 Oct 26;65(2):301–314. doi: 10.1007/s00125-021-05596-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Study design. Lean, healthy adults (10 male and 6 female) randomly ingested either one dose of PAL, SAF or VCL (water) at time point 0 min on three occasions during a period of 12 weeks. Starting at −120 min, d-[6,6-²H₂]glucose was infused up to +480 min. Muscle biopsies were taken at time points −60 min, +120 min, +240 min and +420 min. From +360 min to +480 min, a hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp test was performed according to the ‘hot’ glucose infusion (hot-GINF) protocol