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. 2021 Oct 26;65(2):301–314. doi: 10.1007/s00125-021-05596-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Rates of whole-body glucose disposal (R_d) and EGP during basal and clamp periods in healthy humans. (a, b) During the last 30 min of basal period (+330 min to +360 min), rates of glucose metabolism are presented in the context of the ambient plasma insulin concentration: R_d/insulin (a) and EGP × insulin (b). (c–f) During clamp steady-state (+450 min to +480 min), insulin-stimulated R_d (c), rate of GOX (d), rate of NOXGD (e) and EGP suppression (f) are presented after PAL (red), SAF (blue) or VCL (water, grey) ingestion at 0 min. Data are shown as means ± SEM; n = 16. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 vs VCL; ^†p < 0.05 and ^††p < 0.01 for PAL vs SAF (ANOVA adjusted for repeated measures with Tukey–Kramer correction)