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. 2022 Jan 7;12:74. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-03832-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Definitions of rat heart primordia before (pre-) and after (post-) heartbeat initiation. (A) Representative image of a rat heart primordium in the embryo at E10 before (pre-) heartbeat initiation. (B) Representative image of a rat heart primordium in the embryo at E10 after (post-) heartbeat initiation. The arrowhead indicates the center of the heart primordia. We defined heart primordia showing a “flat” central shape as the pre-heartbeat group and heart primordia showing a “raised” central shape as the post-heartbeat group according to the findings in a previous study⁶. HP: heart primordium.