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. 2022 Jan 7;12:117. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-03495-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(1) Nyquist-plots for (A) GN:ZnO NC modified GCE and (B) GN modified GCE in 0.1 M KCl solution in presence of 1.0 mM each of Fe[(CN)₆]⁻³ and Fe[(CN)₆]⁻⁴ (1:1). Insert: Equivalent circuit for fitting the Nyquist-plot. (2) CV of (a) phosphate-buffer at pH 6.8 (blank) at bare GCE and 1.96 × 10^–6 M p-NP in phosphate buffer at pH 6.8. (b) Bare GCE, (c) GN:GCE and (d) GN:ZnO NC modified GCE, Scan rate100 mVs⁻¹. (A) Effect of scan-rate on peak current of p-NP (1.96 × 10⁻⁶ M) using cyclic voltammetry at 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 mVs⁻¹ using GN:ZnO NC/GCE. (B) Plots of peak current (I_pa, I_pc) vs. potential scan rate (v).