Table 3.

Characteristics of those with breakthrough bleeding despite primary prophylaxis.

	n	%
Total patients	18	100
Underlying diagnosis	–	–
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency	1	6
Autoimmune hepatitis	2	11
Biliary atresia	3	17
Cavernous transformation/thrombosis of the portal vein	1	6
Congenital hepatic fibrosis	1	6
Cystic fibrosis related liver disease	4	22
Primary sclerosing cholangitis	3	17
Other	3	17
Mean age at first endoscopy (SD)	8.39 (5.61)	–
Age range at first endoscopy	0.76–17.71
Variceal grade prior to breakthrough bleeding	–	–
None	2	11
Grade 1/small/mild	10	56
Grade 2/medium/moderate	1	6
Grade 3/large/severe	5	28
Patient received ligation/sclerotherapy in endoscopy prior to breakthrough bleeding	3	17
Presenting symptom	–	–
Hematemesis	3	17
Melena/bloody stools	10	56
Anemia	1	6
Hemoptysis	1	6
Other	3	17
Variceal grade at the time of breakthrough bleeding	–	–
None	2	11
Grade 1/small/mild	6	33
Grade 2/medium/moderate	3	17
Grade 3/large/severe	6	33
Visualized but not graded	1	6
Nonvariceal cause of bleeding identified	7	39
Ulcer or gastritis	4	22
Anal fissure	1	6
Inflammatory bowel disease	1	6
H. pylori	1	6
Treatment at the time of bleeding	–	–
None	7	39
Secondary ligation	10	6
Secondary sclerotherapy	1	6
Mean years from first endoscopy to breakthrough bleeding (SD)	2.25 (2.28)	–
Range of years from first endoscopy to breakthrough bleeding	0.11–7.56	–
Mean years from previous endoscopy to breakthrough bleeding (SD)	0.70 (0.64)	–
Range of years from previous endoscopy to breakthrough bleeding	0.04–2.35	–
Outcomes	–	–
Portosystemic shunt	2	11
Liver transplant	6	33
Death	3	17
Shunt and transplant free survival	7	39