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. 2022 Jan 7;12:152. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-03886-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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NZM2410 colonized with SFB exhibit intensified kidney disease with elevated immune-complex deposition. 10-week old mice were oral gavaged with fecal matter from mice harboring SFB or control mice and sacrificed at 30-weeks of age and subjected to biochemical analysis. (A) Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN). (B) Kidney disease was directly assessed by performing hematoxylin & eosin (H&E), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and Jones’ silver stains. H&E, PAS and silver stain highlight enlarged glomeruli, hyaline deposits (black arrow) and subendothelial deposits (black arrowhead) in SFB colonized mice, respectively. (C) Histopathological assessment of kidney tissue was blindly scored by a veterinary pathologist; kidney pathology was defined as tubular necrosis, cellular proliferation, hyaline deposits, cellular crescents and protein casts. (D) Immunofluorescence staining of IgG and C3 deposition in the glomerular and tubulointerstitium of kidney tissue; differential interference contrast (DIC) also shown. Error bars represent mean ± SEM (A,C,D). Unpaired Student t test (A,C,D). *p < 0.05; **p < 0.005.