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. 2022 Jan 7;12:263. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-04360-y

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Effect of plasma activated water on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. The figure depicts representative titration experiments of SARS-CoV-2 inocula subjected to different treatment conditions. (A) Mean ± SD viral titers upon incubation with plasma activated water (PAW) or phosphate buffered (bPAW) for 1 h at room temperature. The treated samples were frozen and thawed once before subjected to viral plaque assay on Vero E6 cell monolayers. Distilled water (H20) was used as a non-plasma-activated medium. **: p<0.01 unpaired (two-tailed) t-test (t = 15.22; df = 2). (B) Mean ± SD viral titers upon incubation with plasma activated water (PAW) or phosphate buffered (bPAW) for 30 min at room temperature and directly subjected to plaque assay without previous freezing. One-way anova (F = 14.20; p value 0.0295) with Tukey’s post-hoc test. *p<0.05; ns: non-significant. (C) Mean ± SD viral titers upon virus adsorption to cells and two consecutive washes with each indicated medium. Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) was used as washing control. One-way anova (F = 939.4; p value <0.0001) with Tukey’s post-hoc test. ***p<0.001; ****p<0.0001. D. Mean ± SD viral titers upon incubation with media with different pH. One-way anova (F = 8.649; p value 0.0568) with Tukey’s post-hoc test. Ns: non significant. Dotted red line depicts the limit of detection of the plaque assay. Generated with INKSCAPE 1.1 (www.inkscape.org).