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. 2021 Dec 31;33(6):694–707. doi: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2021.06.06

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ATRA suppresses growth and triggers apoptosis by inhibiting PI3K/AKT pathway. (A,B) Immunofluorescence staining was performed to analyze the expression of Ki-67 (A) and TUNEL (B) in HepG2 xenografts treated with combination therapy or IRFA alone. Positive cells were stained with green signal, nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). The bar graph depicts quantification of Ki-67⁺ and TUNEL⁺ cells (right panels). Data are presented as ; (C,D) Western blot was performed to detect PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. PI3K/AKT pathway, which was activated by IRFA treatment, could be downregulated by combinatorial therapy, compared to the control group. IRFA, insufficient radiofrequency ablation; ATRA, all-trans retinoic acid; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; DAPI, 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. ^***, P<0.001.

Inline graphic — ATRA suppresses growth and triggers apoptosis by inhibiting PI3K/AKT pathway. (A,B) Immunofluorescence staining was performed to analyze the expression of Ki-67 (A) and TUNEL (B) in HepG2 xenografts treated with combination therapy or IRFA alone. Positive cells were stained with green signal, nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). The bar graph depicts quantification of Ki-67⁺ and TUNEL⁺ cells (right panels). Data are presented as ; (C,D) Western blot was performed to detect PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. PI3K/AKT pathway, which was activated by IRFA treatment, could be downregulated by combinatorial therapy, compared to the control group. IRFA, insufficient radiofrequency ablation; ATRA, all-trans retinoic acid; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; DAPI, 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. ^***, P<0.001.