Table 1. Characteristics of Individuals Aged 19 to 64 Years Released From Wisconsin State Prison With a History of Substance Use, From April 2014 to December 2016.
| Characteristic | Individuals, No. (%) | Normalized differencea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (April 2014 to December 2016) | Baseline (April 2014 to December 2014) | Enrollment assistance (January 2015 to December 2016) | ||
| No. of releasesb | 18 265 | 4889 | 13 376 | NA |
| No. of prisoners | 16 307 | 4828 | 12 553 | NA |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 1945 (10.6) | 462 (9.4) | 1483 (11.1) | 0.054 |
| Male | 16 320 (89.4) | 4427 (90.6) | 11 893 (88.9) | |
| Age at release, mean (SD), y | 35.5 (10.7) | 35.1 (10.6) | 35.6 (10.7) | 0.047 |
| Time incarcerated, mean (SD), mo | 21.5 (29.2) | 20.7 (27.9) | 21.8 (29.6) | 0.037 |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||
| Black | 6213 (34.0) | 1693 (34.6) | 4520 (33.8) | −0.018 |
| White | 10 969 (60.1) | 2912 (59.6) | 8057 (60.2) | 0.014 |
| Otherc | 1083 (5.9) | 284 (5.8) | 799 (6.0) | 0.007 |
| Educational level | ||||
| <High school or GED | 4958 (27.1) | 1404 (28.7) | 3554 (26.6) | −0.048 |
| ≥High school or GED | 12 465 (68.2) | 3239 (66.3) | 9226 (69.0) | 0.058 |
| Missing | 842 (4.6) | 246 (5.0) | 596 (4.5) | −0.027 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 15 921 (87.2) | 4295 (87.9) | 11 626 (86.9) | −0.028 |
| Married | 1757 (9.6) | 444 (9.1) | 1313 (9.8) | 0.025 |
| Other | 587 (3.2) | 150 (3.1) | 437 (3.3) | 0.11 |
| Rurality of county of conviction | ||||
| Part of metropolitan statistical area | 14 638 (80.1) | 3918 (80.1) | 10 720 (80.1) | 0.000 |
| Not part of metropolitan statistical area | 3547 (19.4) | 941 (19.2) | 2606 (19.5) | 0.006 |
| Missing | 80 (0.4) | 30 (0.6) | 50 (0.4) | −0.034 |
| Type of release | ||||
| Supervision | 16 499 (90.3) | 4346 (88.9) | 12 153 (90.9) | 0.065 |
| No supervision | 616 (3.4) | 159 (3.3) | 457 (3.4) | 0.009 |
| Other | 1150 (6.3) | 384 (7.9) | 766 (5.7) | −0.085 |
| Release facility security status | ||||
| Minimum | 6768 (37.1) | 1711 (35.0) | 5057 (37.8) | 0.058 |
| Medium | 9113 (49.9) | 2547 (52.1) | 6566 (49.1) | −0.06 |
| Medium and maximum | 763 (4.2) | 191 (3.9) | 572 (4.3) | 0.019 |
| Maximum | 1544 (8.5) | 432 (8.8) | 1112 (8.3) | −0.019 |
| Jail | 77 (0.4) | 8 (0.2) | 69 (0.5) | 0.061 |
| Paralegal benefits specialist at facility | 5050 (27.6) | 0 | 5050 (37.8) | NA |
| History of SUD or HCV | ||||
| Self-reported opioid use | 2405 (13.2) | 624 (12.8) | 1781 (13.3) | 0.016 |
| At risk for or history of HCV | 10 672 (58.4) | 2701 (55.2) | 7971 (59.6) | 0.088 |
| Highly probable need for SUD treatment | 14 509 (80.2) | 3864 (80.1) | 10 645 (80.2) | 0.003 |
Abbreviations: GED, General Educational Development Certification; HCV, hepatitis C virus; NA, not applicable; SUD, substance use disorder.
a
A normalized balance test compared the baseline period with the enrollment assistance period. It is calculated as the difference between mean values from each sample period scaled by a measure of their SD. No normalized difference was calculated for the paralegal benefits specialists because they were not present during the baseline period in any facility.
b
Percentages are calculated using the number of releases as the denominator.
c
Other races and ethnicities include American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian or Pacific Islander, and unknown.