Table 1.

CD4⁺ Subsets and Their Defining Characteristics

CD4+ Subset	Polarization Signal	Primary Transcription Factor	Surface Marker	Cytokine Profile	References
Th1	IL-12	T-bet	Nonspecific	IFN-γ	78–80
Th2	IL-4	GATA-3	Nonspecific	IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13	79,80
Th17	TGF-β and IL-6	RORγt	Nonspecific	IL-17 and IL-22	81,82
Treg	TGF-β	Foxp3	CD25 (Mouse)	IL-10 and TGF-β	83,84
Tr1	IL-10 and IL-27	IRF4, c-Maf, and AhR	CD49b, LAG-3, CD226, CCR5, and PD-1	IL-10 and TGF-β	45,85