Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics
| Characteristics | All participants | Female (N = 205) | Male (N = 145) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 59.33 (10.31) | 60.86 (9.86) | 57.51 (10.85) | 0.016* |
| LDL-C (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 3.51 (0.99) | 3.47 (0.96) | 3.55 (1.05) | 0.57 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 1.53 (0.48) | 1.65 (0.47) | 1.33 (0.39) | < 0.001* |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 2.41 (1.41) | 2.28 (1.45) | 2.66 (1.58) | 0.064 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 5.81 (1.1) | 5.84 (1.05) | 5.75 (1.16) | 0.54 |
| HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 5.76 (0.53) | 5.79 (0.49) | 5.72 (0.57) | 0.367 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 28.78 (5.42) | 28.84 (6.03) | 28.54 (4.34) | 0.681 |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 122 (33.9) | 67 (50.8) | 55 (57.9) | 0.345 |
| DM, N (%) | 22 (6.3) | 10 (7.6) | 12 (12.6) | 0.265 |
| Smoking, N (%) | 21 (6) | 10 (7.6) | 11 (11.6) | 0.356 |
| Dyslipidemia, N (%) | 100 (28.5) | 62 (47) | 38 (40) | 0.343 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L), mean (SD) | 75.98 (18.33) | 75.43 (15.93) | 76.81 (18.87) | 0.555 |
| Serum uric acid (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 324.53 (77.69) | 303.89 (67.55) | 357.55 (82.69) | < 0.001* |
| Beta-blockers, N (%) | 52 (14.9) | 34 (25.8) | 18 (18.9) | 0.264 |
| ASA, N (%) | 23 (6.6) | 11 (8.3) | 12 (12.6) | 0.373 |
| ARB, N (%) | 35 (10) | 14 (10.6) | 21 (22.1) | 0.025* |
| ACEI, N (%) | 98 (28) | 59 (28.8) | 39 (36.9) | 0.719 |
| Diuretics#, N (%) | 15 (4.3) | 7 (5.3) | 8 (8.4) | 0.421 |
| Lipid-lowering medications#, N (%) | 46 (13.1) | 26 (19.7) | 20 (21.1) | 0.868 |
| Antidiabetics#, N (%) | 27 (7.7) | 17 (10.2) | 15 (13.6) | 0.434 |
| Normalized AOPPs (µM/g) mean (SD) | 0.36 (0.08) | 0.36 (0.07) | 0.38 (0.07) | 0.044* |
| Normalized AOPPs (µM/g) median (IQR) | 0.36 (0.12) | 0.35 (0.12) | 0.38 (0.12) | 0.33 |
| Maximal CIMT (mm), median (IQR) | 0.8 (0.22) | 0.8 (0.22) | 0.8 (0.24) | 0.839 |
| Maximal CIMT (mm), mean (SD) | 0.83 (0.168) | 0.83 (0.16) | 0.83 (0.17) | 0.857 |
| Mean CIMT (mm), mean (SD) | 0.68 (0.12) | 0.68 (0.12) | 0.68 (0.13) | 0.713 |
| Mean CIMT (mm), median (IQR) | 0.68 (0.15) | 0.68 (0.16) | 0.65 (01) | 0.616 |
| Carotid plaque, N (%) | 78 (22.3%) | 45 (22) | 33 (22.5) | 0.897 |
Mean ± SD or median (IQR) represented the continuous variables, and numbers (proportions) the categorical variables. Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AOPP, advanced oxidation protein products; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; ASA, acetylsalicylic acid; BMI, body mass index; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IQR, interquartile range; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SD, standard deviation; #oral antidiabetics, *significant values