Table 2.
Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models comparing factors collected at 6-monthly study visits with missing one or more routine HIV clinic visits in the previous 6-months
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age at visit (years) | ||
| 18–29 | 3.23 (2.33–4.48) | 2.33 (1.65–3.29) |
| 30–39 | 2.26 (1.68–3.02) | 1.59 (1.19–2.13) |
| 40–49 | 1.67 (1.25–2.24) | 1.42 (1.07–1.89) |
| 50+ | Ref. | – |
| Sex | ||
| Male | Ref. | – |
| Female | 1.14 (0.94–1.38) | 1.17 (0.95–1.44) |
| Program site | ||
| Kayunga, Uganda | Ref. | – |
| South Rift Valley, Kenya | 0.62 (0.48–0.80) | 0.78 (0.56–1.10) |
| Kisumu West, Kenya | 0.57 (0.44–0.75) | 0.69 (0.48–1.01) |
| Mbeya, Tanzania | 0.33 (0.23–0.47) | 0.30 (0.19–0.47) |
| Abuja and Lagos Nigeria | 2.14 (1.64–2.80) | 1.53 (1.04–2.27) |
| Marital status | ||
| Not married | Ref. | – |
| Married | 0.84 (0.70–1.00) | 0.90 (0.75–1.09) |
| Education | ||
| None or some primary | Ref. | – |
| Primary or some secondary | 0.80 (0.65–0.99) | 0.84 (0.67–1.05) |
| Secondary and above | 1.24 (0.99–1.54) | 0.85 (0.64–1.13) |
| Employment status | ||
| Unemployed | 0.62 (0.52–0.73) | 1.04 (0.81–1.35) |
| Employed | Ref. | – |
| Alcohol use | ||
| No | Ref. | – |
| Yes | 1.77 (1.41–2.20) | 1.34 (1.05–1.70) |
| Recreational drug use | ||
| No | Ref. | – |
| Yes | 1.65 (0.90–3.03) | 0.97 (0.51–1.85) |
| Enough food to eata | ||
| No | Ref. | – |
| Yes | 0.96 (0.81–1.14) | 1.03 (0.84–1.26) |
| Ever incarcerated | ||
| No | Ref. | – |
| Yes | 1.48 (1.15–1.92) | 1.42 (1.07–1.88) |
| Distance to clinic | ||
| < 10 km | Ref. | – |
| 10+ km | 1.17 (0.98–1.40) | 1.16 (0.95–1.40) |
| Time to clinic | ||
| ≤ 30 min | Ref. | – |
| > 30 min | 0.86 (0.73–1.01) | 0.79 (0.67–0.94) |
| Waiting time | ||
| Satisfied | Ref. | – |
| Needs to improve | 1.34 (1.03–1.73) | 1.18 (0.87–1.60) |
| Depressionb | ||
| No | Ref. | – |
| Yes | 1.83 (1.46–2.28) | 1.47 (1.13–1.91) |
| TB diagnosisc | ||
| No | Ref. | – |
| Yes | 0.71 (0.28–1.82) | 0.60 (0.25–1.43) |
| Year started ART | ||
| 1999–2005 | Ref. | – |
| 2006–2010 | 0.85 (0.45–1.60) | 0.80 (0.41–1.55) |
| 2011–2015 | 1.58 (0.86–2.92) | 0.90 (0.46–1.78) |
| 2016–2019 | 1.39 (0.74–2.64) | 0.79 (0.39–1.62) |
| Duration on ART | ||
| < 2 years | Ref. | – |
| ≥ 2 years to < 4 years | 0.85 (0.71–1.02) | 0.98 (0.80–1.20) |
| ≥ 4 years | 0.52 (0.43–0.63) | 0.72 (0.55–0.95) |
| Experienced HIV stigmad | ||
| No | Ref. | – |
| Yes | 1.68 (1.17–2.42) | 1.07 (0.72–1.59) |
| Disclosed HIV statuse | ||
| No | Ref. | – |
| Yes | 1.09 (0.93–1.28) | 1.08 (0.90–1.31) |
| Missed days of ART in past month | ||
| No days missed | Ref. | – |
| 1–2 days missed | 2.52 (2.03–3.12) | 2.09 (1.65–2.64) |
| 3+ days missed | 11.19 (8.86–14.14) | 7.06 (5.43–9.19) |
| CD4 count | ||
| < 200 cells/mm3 | 1.81 (1.44–2.27) | 1.28 (1.00–1.66) |
| ≥ 200 cells/mm3 | Ref. | – |
| Viral load | ||
| < 1000 copies/mL | Ref. | – |
| ≥ 1000 copies/mL | 3.32 (2.72–4.05) | 2.50 (2.00–3.12) |
Logistic regression with generalized estimating equations, clustered by participant to account for repeated measures, was used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for factors potentially associated with missed HIV clinic visits in the previous 6-month period. All potential risk factors specified a priori were included in the adjusted model regardless of significance of the association. We tested for multicollinearity using the variable inflation factor (VIF); all variables included in the adjusted model had a VIF < 2. Analyses were restricted to complete cases only. Bold indicates significance at p < 0.05
aEnough food to eat in the past 12 months
bCenter for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale score, dichotomized with a score of 16 or greater suggestive of depression
cTuberculosis (TB) coinfection, diagnosed by a positive GeneXpert, mycobacterial smear or mycobacterial culture result
dParticipants were defined as experiencing stigma if they had experienced any of the following: social isolation, physical violence, broken family relationships
eDisclosure status was defined as disclosure to any of the following individuals: spouse/partner, parent, sibling, children, grandparents, extended family members, friend, roommate, church members