Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the patients.
| 28-day status | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical Characteristics | All cases(n=249) | Recovered group (n=80) | Deceased group (n=169) | P Value |
| Age, years | 71 (61-80) | 63 (53-71) | 75 (66-81) | < 0.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 172 (69.1) | 24 (30.0) | 116 (68.6) | 0.88 |
| Female | 77 (30.9) | 56 (70.0) | 53 (31.4) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.1 (23.8-29.3) | 27.0 (24.0-29.9) | 26.0 (23.3-29.0) | 0.21 |
| APACHE II score | 20 (12-27) | 14 (9-22) | 23 (15-28) | < 0.001 |
| SOFA Score a | 5 (3-7) | 4 (2-5) | 6 (4-8) | < 0.001 |
| CCI | 5 (3-7) | 2 (1-5) | 6 (4-8) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking history | 55 (22,1) | 13 (16.3) | 42 (24.9) | 0.14 |
| Exposure history | 87 (34.9) | 26 (32.5) | 61 (36.1) | 0.67 |
| Immunosuppressive drug use | 15 (6.0) | 5 (6.3) | 10 (5.9) | 1.00 |
| RT-PCR test positivity | 222 (89.2) | 66 (82.5) | 156 (92.3) | 0.028 |
| Comorbidities | 215 (86.3) | 61 (76.3) | 154 (91.1) | 0.003 |
| Hypertension | 178 (71.5) | 52 (65.0) | 126 (74.6) | 0.13 |
| Diabetes mellitus (Type 2) | 96 (38.6) | 29 (36.3) | 67 (39.6) | 0.68 |
| Coronary artery disease | 64 (25.7) | 15 (18.8) | 49 (29.0) | 0.09 |
| Congestive heart failure | 35 (14.1) | 6 (7.5) | 29 (17.2) | 0.05 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 38 (15.3) | 6 (7.5) | 32 (18.9) | 0.023 |
| Dementia | 30 (12.0) | 3 (3.8) | 27 (16.0) | 0.006 |
| COPD | 29 (11.6) | 9 (11.3) | 20 (11.8) | 1.00 |
| Malignancy b | 25 (10.0) | 3 (3.8) | 22 (13.0) | 0.024 |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 17 (6.8) | 0 (0.0) | 17 (10.1) | 0.002 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 16 (6.4) | 6 (7.5) | 10 (5.9) | 0.59 |
| Parkinson’s disease | 7 (2.8) | 1 (1.3) | 6 (3.6) | 0.44 |
| Thromboembolic event history | 5 (2.0) | 2 (2.5) | 3 (1.8) | 0.66 |
| Chronic liver disease | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | 1.00 |
| Signs and symptoms | ||||
| Dyspnea | 172 (69.1) | 49 (61.3) | 123 (72.8) | 0.08 |
| Dry cough | 122 (49.0) | 41 (51.3) | 81 (47.9) | 0.68 |
| Fever | 118 (47.4) | 41 (51.3) | 77 (45.6) | 0.42 |
| Fatigue | 76 (30.5) | 32 (40.0) | 44 (26.0) | 0.028 |
| Myalgia | 36 (14.5) | 18 (22.5) | 18 (10.7) | 0.020 |
| Expectoration | 32 (12.9) | 3 (3.8) | 29 (17.2) | 0.002 |
| Nausea/Vomiting | 29 (11.6) | 7 (8.8) | 22 (13.0) | 0.40 |
| Anorexia | 24 (9.6) | 3 (3.8) | 21 (12.4) | 0.037 |
| Chest pain | 20 (8.0) | 8 (10.0) | 12 (7.1) | 0.46 |
| Sore throat | 16 (6.4) | 8 (10.0) | 8 (4.7) | 0.16 |
| Diarrhea | 11 (4.4) | 3 (3.8) | 8 (4.7) | 1.00 |
| Loss of smell or taste | 10 (4.0) | 4 (5.0) | 6 (3.6) | 0.73 |
| Headache | 8 (3.2) | 4 (5.0) | 4 (2.4) | 0.27 |
| Palpitations | 7 (2.8) | 2 (2.5) | 5 (3.0) | 1.00 |
| Abdominal pain | 5 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (3.0) | 0.18 |
| Hospitalization characteristics | ||||
| Onset of symptom to, | ||||
| Hospital admission, days | 3 (1-6) | 3 (2-6) | 3 (1-5) | 0.08 |
| ICU admission, days | 6 (3-10) | 8 (4-10) | 6 (3-10) | 0.21 |
| Admission, | ||||
| In-patient | 166 (66.7) | 57 (71.3) | 109 (64.5) | 0.32 |
| Emergency | 83 (33.3) | 23 (28.8) | 60 (35.5) | |
| Length of Hospital stay before ICU admission, days | 2 (1-5) | 2 (1-5) | 2 (1-5) | 0.58 |
| Length of ICU stay, days | 8 (4-14) | 6 (4-13) | 9 (4-14) | 0.25 |
| Length of hospital stay, days | 14 (9-21) | 17 (12-25) | 13 (8-19) | < 0.001 |
All values are expressed as numbers (percentages) or median (interquartile range).Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; SOFA score, The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; RT-PCR test; real time – polymerase chain reaction test; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICU, intensive care unit.a Calculated on the day of ICU admission.