Table 3.

Framing of problem formulation for environmental risk assessment for three types of GnEd or GM animals in Brazil (adapted from Andrade 2020)

Animal	Biodiversity protection goal	Biology of organism	Receiving environment	Gene construct	History of safe use
GnEd polled cattle	No obvious protection goal	Non-native No sexually compatible species Dispersion under control Moderately invasive Not relevant for wildlife food chain	Agricultural systems	CRISPR/CAS9 leading to gene silencing	To some extent, yes
GM fast-growing tilapia	Native river species	Non-native No sexually compatible species Dispersion under poor control Very invasive Relevant for wildlife food chain	Ponds, rivers and lakes	Transgene constitutively expressing a growth hormone	None
GnEd snail for gene drive-mediated population suppression of an invasive population	No obvious protection objectives, unless it does not function as expected: if so, then native river species	Non-native No sexually compatible species Uncontrolled dispersal, very invasive Not relevant for wildlife food chain	Agricultural areas	Gene-drive construct for male-only phenotype/ fluorescence	None for snails