Table 3.

Results of significant statistical findings for acoustic and perceptual measures during masked and unmasked conditions. Effect size interpretations are based on criteria from Cohen.⁴³

Measure	Unmasked Mean (SD)	Masked Mean (SD)	p-value	d	Effect Size Interpretation
HNR (dB)	18.55 (3.69)	20.04 (4.05)	.002	.39	Small
CPP (dB)	7.37 (1.24)	8.04 (0.99)	.001	.59	Medium
L/H Ratio (dB)	39.86 (4.01)	44.39 (3.69)	<.001	1.18	Large
L/H Ratio SD (dB)	8.47 (1.67)	7.69 (0.70)	.006	.61	Medium
RFF offset 10 (ST)	−0.77 (0.90)	−0.96 (1.05)	.034	.19	Small
VAI	0.91 (0.06)	0.87 (0.06)	.039	.69	Medium
Dyspnea	0.18 (0.33)	1.45(1.08)	.002	1.59	Large
Vocal Effort (mm)	11.6 (12.05)	41.2 (21.67)	<.001	1.69	Large

Note. HNR=harmonics-to-noise ratio; CPP=cepstral peak prominence; L/H Ratio=Low-to-high spectral ratio; RFF=relative fundamental frequency; VAI=vowel articulation index. Effect size calculation= (Mean₁-Mean₂)/SD_pooled