Table 3.

Average change in SDD from index of CNS-active medications according to use at index

CNS use at index	Fall-related injury at index	SDD at index	Average change in SDD from indexb
			3 months	6 months	12 months
Primary Analysis
Users at index	Yes	2.4 (3.0)	−0.38 (−0.52, −0.23)	−0.39 (−0.56, −0.22)	−0.43 (−0.63, −0.23)
	No	2.2 (2.4)	−0.66 (−0.75, −0.58)	−0.64 (−0.73, −0.56)	−0.66 (−0.78, −0.55)
	p-valuea		0.001	0.008	0.047
Non-users at index	Yes		0.18 (0.12, 0.24)	0.18 (0.14, 0.22)	0.17 (0.13, 0.21)
	No		0.21 (0.18, 0.24)	0.22 (0.19, 0.25)	0.24 (0.20, 0.28)
	p-valuea		0.446	0.129	0.005
Sensitivity Analysis (without opioids)
Users at index	Yes		−0.21 (−0.38, −0.05)	−0.29 (−0.49, −0.09)	−0.31 (−0.54, −0.09)
	No		−0.51 (−0.62, −0.40)	−0.49 (−0.59, −0.38)	−0.53 (−0.67, −0.40)
	p-valuea		0.001	0.062	0.099
Non-users at index	Yes		0.13 (0.10, 0.17)	0.15 (0.11, 0.19)	0.15 (0.11, 0.18)
	No		0.18 (0.16, 0.21)	0.19 (0.16, 0.22)	0.22 (0.18, 0.25)
	p-valuea		0.014	0.041	0.002

Abbreviations: ACT = Adult Changes in Thought; CNS = central nervous system; SDD = standardized daily dose

^ap-value corresponding to test of whether average change in SDD from index differs between those with fall-related injury and those without

^bEstimates for average change in SDD at each time point (relative to index) are based on adjusted regression models and standardized to a common distribution of covariates. Regression models were adjusted for the following covariates (as of index): age (spline 2df), calendar time (spline 2df), class(es) of CNS-active medications used, clinical encounter type at index, ACT cohort, gender, race/ ethnicity, education, self-rated health, frail (per gait speed), cognition, treatment for hypertension, treatment for diabetes, osteoarthritis, coronary artery disease, stroke, anxiety, depression, urinary incontinence, Parkinson’s disease, insomnia, and prior falls.