TABLE 4.
Observed healthcare utilization costs by category, treatment arm, and period in the 12 months before and after randomization
| Observed costs | CBT-I (n = 162) Mean (95% CI) | EOC (n = 163) Mean (95% CI) | Difference Mean (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Medication costs, $ | |||
| Before randomization | 2457 (1828 to 3086) | 2687 (2210 to 3164) | −230 (−1016 to 556) |
| After randomization | 2285 (1628 to 2941) | 2920 (2034 to 3806) | −636 (−1685 to 413) |
| Ambulatory visits, $ | |||
| Before randomization | 2420 (2114 to 2725) | 2353 (2063 to 2643) | 66 (−353 to 486) |
| After randomization | 3194 (2629 to 3759) | 2839 (2424 to 3255) | 355 (−350 to 1060) |
| Hospitalizations, $ | |||
| Before randomization | 1051 (36 to 2066) | 1190 (8 to 2373) | −139 (−1693 to 1414) |
| After randomization | 748 (−340 to 1837) | 1149 (412 to 1886) | −401 (−1708 to 907) |
| Other healthcare costs, $a | |||
| Before randomization | 1801 (1025 to 2578) | 1668 (1256 to 2080) | 134 (−741 to 1008) |
| After randomization | 2277 (1543 to 3011) | 2762 (897 to 4627) | −485 (−2516 to 1545) |
| Joint replacement surgeries, $ | |||
| Before randomization | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) |
| After randomization | 892 (222 to 1561) | 1641 (438 to 2843) | −749 (−2123 to 624) |
Abbreviations: CBT-I, cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia; EOC, education-only control.
a
Sum of costs for: skilled nursing facility, hospital ambulatory care, home health, hospice, dialysis, ambulatory surgery, durable medical equipment, other institutional care, and chemotherapy.