Table 2:
Results from multivariable log-linear and logistic models of during-pandemic PHQ-9
| PHQ severity a | PHQ ≥ 10 b | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coef. | Wald z-stat. | Proportional change (95% CI) | P-value | Coef. | Wald z-stat. | OR (95% CI) | P-value | |||
| Coef. | Overall | Coef. | Overall | |||||||
| Age | −0.18 | −1.60 | 0.84 (0.67, 1.04) | 0.109 | −0.29 | −0.46 | 0.75 (0.21, 2.62) | 0.647 | ||
| Female sex | 0.08 | 1.58 | 1.09 (0.98, 1.20) | 0.115 | 0.17 | 0.63 | 1.19 (0.70, 2.03) | 0.526 | ||
| Hispanic ethnicity or non-White race | 0.02 | 0.43 | 1.02 (0.92, 1.15) | 0.668 | 0.38 | 1.34 | 1.46 (0.84, 2.56) | 0.181 | ||
| Pre-pandemic PHQ score | 0.06 | 13.32 | 1.06 (1.05, 1.07) | <0.001 | 0.32 | 6.49 | 1.37 (1.25, 1.51) | <0.001 | ||
| Increase in financial stress over spring break | 0.15 | 2.80 | 1.16 (1.05, 1.29) | 0.005 | 0.49 | 1.65 | 1.63 (0.91, 2.92) | 0.099 | ||
| Feeling isolated or alone due to COVID-19 (ref=Not at all) | ||||||||||
| A little | 0.24 | 1.75 | 1.27 (0.97, 1.66) | 0.080 | <0.001 | 0.38 | 0.44 | 1.46 (0.27, 7.79) | 0.657 | <0.001 |
| Moderately | 0.53 | 4.12 | 1.69 (1.32, 2.17) | <0.001 | 1.58 | 1.94 | 4.86 (0.98, 23.97) | 0.052 | ||
| Quite a bit | 0.67 | 5.30 | 1.94 (1.52, 2.49) | <0.001 | 1.95 | 2.44 | 7.04 (1.47, 33.63) | 0.015 | ||
| Extremely | 0.89 | 6.72 | 2.43 (1.87, 3.15) | <0.001 | 2.70 | 3.30 | 14.83 (3.00, 73.41) | <0.001 | ||
| Worry about the current COVID-19 situation (ref=Not at all worried) | ||||||||||
| A little worried | 0.06 | 0.46 | 1.06 (0.82, 1.39) | 0.646 | 0.024 | −0.29 | −0.47 | 0.75 (0.23, 2.50) | 0.640 | 0.316 |
| Moderately worried | 0.20 | 1.55 | 1.23 (0.95, 1.58) | 0.120 | 0.28 | 0.49 | 1.33 (0.43, 4.09) | 0.621 | ||
| Very worried | 0.22 | 1.64 | 1.25 (0.96, 1.63) | 0.101 | −0.19 | −0.31 | 0.82 (0.25, 2.76) | 0.753 | ||
| Extremely worried | 0.33 | 2.27 | 1.39 (1.05, 1.86) | 0.023 | 0.42 | 0.59 | 1.53 (0.37, 6.24) | 0.554 | ||
| Concern about getting or having COVID-19 (ref=Not at all) | ||||||||||
| Somewhat | −0.05 | −1.00 | 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) | 0.317 | 0.218 | 0.11 | 0.37 | 1.11 (0.63, 1.95) | 0.712 | 0.065 |
| Very much | 0.07 | 0.85 | 1.07 (0.91, 1.27) | 0.394 | 1.03 | 2.24 | 2.81 (1.14, 6.94) | 0.025 | ||
| Comparison with intercept-only model: Joint Wald test statistic=620.38, chi-squared df=16, p=<0.001 | Comparison with intercept-only model: Likelihood ratio test statistic=137.46, chi-squared df=16, p=<0.001 | |||||||||
a
Model N=727 students, multivariable log-linear regression with robust standard errors
b
Model N=587 students with PHQ-9 below 10 on pre-pandemic (December 2019) survey, multivariable logistic regression
Note: Both models controlled for study intervention assignment (treatment/control), which was not significant in either model.